Efeitos da ingest?o do ?leo de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) na resposta imune da mucosa intestinal de camundongos

Atualmente, diversas ?reas cient?ficas t?m focado suas pesquisas em propriedades funcionais de alimentos e produtos aliment?cios, das quais destacam-se efeitos imunomoduladores. Dentre esses alimentos est? o ?leo de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense), que apresenta diversos efeitos biol?gicos tais como melhoria do metabolismo lip?dico, melhoria da fun??o cardiovascular e atividade antioxidante. Esse ?leo cont?m em sua composi??o qu?mica um alto conte?do de carotenoides e ?cidos graxos monoinsaturados, que de acordo com estudos pr?vios, isoladamente, podem alterar a resposta imune, em especial a resposta imune da mucosa intestinal. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar os efeitos da ingest?o do ?leo de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) na resposta imune de mucosa intestinal de camundongos. Para isso foram investigados os efeitos da ingest?o di?ria de 280mg de ?leo de pequi em elementos da resposta imune da mucosa intestinal em duas condi??es: 1) na mucosa ?ntegra e 2) na ruptura da integridade da mucosa, representada por uma doen?a inflamat?ria intestinal. Foram utilizados 60 camundongos C57BL/6 machos, que ap?s o per?odo de adapta??o (7 dias), iniciaram a Fase 1 do estudo (suplementa??o com ?leo de pequi, 28 dias). Tais animais foram divididos em: Grupo Controle (C) que recebeu apenas ra??o comercial e ?gua filtrada ad libitum e grupo ?leo de Pequi (OP) que recebeu diariamente, al?m da ra??o e ?gua, 280 mg de ?leo de pequi homogeneizados em 1,11g de ra??o triturada, na forma de um pellet. Ap?s esse per?odo, cada um dos dois grupos experimentais foi sub-dividido em grupos C, Controle com Colite (CC), OP e ?leo de Pequi com Colite (OPC). Deu-se in?cio ent?o ? Fase 2 do estudo referente ? continuidade da suplementa??o e indu??o da doen?a inflamat?ria intestinal por 8 dias. Na Fase 2, os grupos CC e OPC passaram a receber, al?m dos tratamentos iniciais, solu??o aquosa de dextran sulfato de s?dio (DSS), a 1,5%, ad libitum. A ingest?o alimentar e o peso corporal foram monitorados durante todo o experimento. No nono dia, ap?s a fase 2, os animais foram eutanasiados para coleta de amostras. Foi avaliado o fen?tipo de leuc?citos isolados das superf?cies das mucosas do intestino delgado (ID) e c?lon, dos linfonodos mesent?ricos e do ba?o. Determinou-se tamb?m as concentra??es de Imunoglobulina A (IgA) no plasma e de IgA secret?ria (IgAs) nos lavados de ID, c?lon, e fezes, das citocinas IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF?, IFN?, IL-17, IL-10 no plasma e em homogenatos de ID e c?lon e de prote?na C reativa (C reactive protein - CRP) no plasma. Durante a indu??o da colite foi calculado o ?ndice de Atividade de Doen?a (scores m?dios de diarreia, sangramento retal e perda de peso) e ao final foi avaliado o score histopatol?gico total na mucosa col?nica. Na integridade da mucosa, a ingest?o do ?leo de pequi (OP vs C, p<0,05) induziu no ID redu??o de linf?citos de superf?cie T totais, T auxiliares e de IFN?; no c?lon, redu??o de linf?citos de superf?cie T citot?xicos e IgAs; nos linfonodos, redu??o de linf?citos T citot?xicos; no ba?o, redu??o de linf?citos T auxiliares e citot?xicos; e no plasma redu??o de IL-2, CRP e do % de neutr?filos e aumento de IL-10 e do % de linf?citos. Em condi??es de ruptura da integridade da mucosa intestinal, a ingest?o do ?leo de pequi (OPC vs CC, P<0,05), reduziu a perda de peso e diarreia. No ID elevou linf?citos de superf?cie T ?? e reduziu IL-6, no c?lon tamb?m elevou os linf?citos de superf?cie T ?? e reduziu os T citot?xicos e a perda de criptas e c?lulas caliciformes; nos ?rg?os linfoides essa ingest?o reduziu linf?citos T cit?xicos e no plasma reduziu a IL-17 e a CRP. Assim, a ingest?o do ?leo de pequi parece ter refor?ado a resposta reguladora do sistema imune de mucosa, o que possivelmente contribuiu para que, em condi??es de ruptura da integridade intestinal, houvesse melhoria do quadro cl?nico e histopatol?gico, eleva??o de c?lulas com potencial de a??o regulat?ria e redu??o de mediadores pr?-inflamat?rios e de c?lulas com atividade citot?xica.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Tese (Doutorado) ? Programa Multic?ntrico de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2019.Currently, several scientific areas have focused their research on functional properties of foods and food products, especially their immunomodulatory effects. Among these foods is pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense), which has several biological effects such as improvements in lipid metabolism, cardiovascular function and antioxidant activity. This oil is high in carotenoids and monounsaturated fatty acids. These dietary compounds solely may alter the immune response, such as in the gut mucosal immune system. Thus, the objective of this work was to investigate immunomodulatory properties of pequi oil in the gut mucosal immune system of mice. The effects of a 280mg dose of pequi oil were investigated in two conditions: 1) homeostasis of gut mucosal immune response and 2) disruption of homeostais of gut mucosal immune response, which was represented by an inflammatory bowel disease. For that, sixty male C57BL/6 mice were used. After an adaptation period (7 days), Phase I of the study was started (pequi oil supplementation, 28 days). For that, animals were divided into: Control Group (C) fed only commercial chow and filtered water ad libitum and the Pequi Oil group (OP), fed commercial chow and filtered water plus 280 mg of pequi oil into a 1.11g of grounded chow, in a pellet. After this period, the two experimental groups were spliced into C, Control Colitis (CC), OP and Pequi Oil Colitis (OPC) groups for the Phase 2 of the study (pequi oil supplementation and colitis induction for 8 days). For that, CC and OPC groups received, in addition to the initial treatments, aqueous sodium dextran sulfate (DSS) solution at 1.5%, ad libitum. Food intake and body weight were monitored for all experimental protocol. On the ninth day after this phase, the animals were euthanized for sample collection. Leukocyte phenotype isolated from the spleen, lymph nodes and intraepithelial compartments of the small intestine (SI) and colon were evaluated. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations in plasma and ID wasps, colon, and faeces, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF?, IFN?, IL-17, IL-10 cytokines in plasma and colon homogenates and C reactive protein (CRP) were also determined. During the induction of colitis, the Disease Activity Index (diarrhea, rectal bleeding and weight loss) was calculated and the total histopathological score in the colonic mucosa was evaluated. In mucosal integrity conditions, pequi oil intake (OP vs C, p <0.05) induced a reduction of total T surface cells, helper T and IFN? in SI; a reduction of cytotoxic T surface cells and IgA in colon; a reduction of cytotoxic T cells in lymph nodes; a reduction of helper and cytotoxic T cells in spleen and systemic reduction of IL-2, CRP and neutrophils percent and an increase of IL-10 and lymphocytes percent. Under conditions of disruption of integrity of gut mucosal, the intake of pequi oil (OPC vs CC, P <0.05), reduced weight loss and diarrhea. In SI, it elevated ?? T surface cells and reduced IL-6. In the colon, it elevated ?? T surface cells and reduced T cytotoxic surface cells and promoted a loss of crypts and goblet cells. In the lymphoid organs, it also reduced T cytotoxic cells, and in plasma it reduced IL-17 and CRP. Thus, pequi oil seems to have strengthened the regulatory response of gut mucosal immune system, which possibly contributed to that under conditions of disruption of integrity of gut mucosal, improvement of the histopathological clinical condition, elevation of cells with regulatory action potential and the reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators and cells with cytotoxic activity

Restricción alimentaria, desinhibición alimentaria y percepción de hambre de mujeres con peso normal y con sobrepeso

Background: Eating behavior is a strong predictor of weight gain in adults. Research characterizing differences in components of dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger between overweight and normal weight subjects is insuffi cient.Objective: To evaluate and to compare scores of dietary restraint (DR), disinhibition (DD), and hunger (H) between women at normal weight (NW, n=32) and overweight (WW, n=32). We evaluated correlations between these scores with adiposity and food intake variables.Material and methods: It was a cross-sectional comparison of two groups (overweight and normal weight women), at ages between 20 and 40 years. We measured body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body composition (BC), energy and macronutrient intake (EMI), DR, DD and H. The differences between groups were analyzed using Student’s T or Mann-Whitney tests. Correlations among DR, DD or H and all other variables in each group were also evaluated.Results: Mean values of BMI, CC, BC, EMI, DR, DD and H were higher for WW (P&lt;.05). Half or more of WW women had moderate or high levels of DR, DD or H. Mean scores of these variables were higher for this group (P&lt;.05) and tended to “high level”. There was a positive correlation between the H and the EMI (P&lt;.05) in the WW group.Conclusions: Eating behavior was associated with weight and body composition in these women, especially for WW. Strategies that address changes in cognitive control of food intake can become useful tools in controlling body weight.Introducción: El comportamiento alimentario es un factor de predicción del peso en adultos. Son escasos los estudios sobre diferencias en la restricción, la desinhibición y el hambre entre personas de peso normal y con sobrepeso.Objetivo: Evaluar la restricción dietética (RD) y desinhibición (DD) y la percepción del hambre (H) entre mujeres con peso normal (PN, n = 32) y con sobrepeso (SP, n = 32) y evaluar su correlación con la adiposidad y la ingesta.Material y métodos: Estudio transversal que midió el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de la cintura (CC), la composición corporal, la ingesta de energía y los macronutrientes (IEM), RD, DD y H de mujeres de edades entre 20 y 40 años. Las diferencias entre los grupos se analizaron mediante la prueba de la t de Student o la de Mann-Whitney. Se analizaron las correlaciones entre RD, DD o H y las demás variables.Resultados: Los valores medios del IMC, CC, composición corporal, IEM, RD, DD y H fueron mayores para SP (p &lt; 0,05). La mitad o más de las mujeres con SP tenían valores moderados o altos de RD, DD o H. Las puntuaciones medias de estas variables fueron más altas en este grupo (p &lt; 0,05) y tendieron a “altas”. Se observó una correlación positiva entre H e IEM (p &lt; 0,05) en el SP.Conclusiones: El comportamiento alimentario está asociado con el peso y la composición corporal, especialmente en las mujeres con sobrepeso. Las estrategias que cambien el control cognitivo de la ingesta pueden ser útiles para el control del peso corporal

Efeitos biol?gicos da associa??o da ingest?o da polpa de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) ao exerc?cio f?sico aer?bio regular em ratos

Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz ([email protected]) on 2016-01-04T13:44:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 lauane_gomes_moreno.pdf: 1163569 bytes, checksum: 5bc267921309b4b4da2343951c77a04e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz ([email protected]) on 2016-01-04T13:44:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 lauane_gomes_moreno.pdf: 1163569 bytes, checksum: 5bc267921309b4b4da2343951c77a04e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-04T13:44:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 lauane_gomes_moreno.pdf: 1163569 bytes, checksum: 5bc267921309b4b4da2343951c77a04e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes)Dado o crescente n?mero de doen?as cr?nicas n?o transmiss?veis (DCNT) que afetam a sa?de e a economia dos pa?ses, alternativas que visem ? diminui??o dos fatores de risco para essas doen?as s?o imprescind?veis. A ado??o de uma dieta equilibrada, que inclua alimentos com potencialidades funcionais, associada ? pr?tica de atividade f?sica regular s?o alternativas atualmente preconizadas. Dentre os alimentos com potencialidades funcionais est? o pequi (Caryocar brasiliense), muito utilizado no Brasil para fins aliment?cios, terap?uticos e cosm?ticos, e que apresenta como componentes majorit?rios lip?deos ricos em ?cidos graxos monoinsaturados, fibras e carotenoides. Estes componentes isoladamente, apresentam alguns efeitos semelhantes ao exerc?cio f?sico aer?bio sobre a redu??o de diversos fatores de risco para DCNT, de forma que associados podem fornecer efeitos potencializadores sobre a redu??o desses fatores de risco. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, em ratos, efeitos biol?gicos advindos da ingest?o da polpa de pequi associada ? pr?tica de exerc?cio f?sico aer?bio regular (EFAR), especificamente sobre vari?veis relacionadas ao crescimento, par?metros cardiovasculares, do metabolismo glic?dico e lip?dico, sobre a histomorfometria duodenal e o estado redox celular. O protocolo experimental consistiu de quatro grupos (n=8) de ratos Wistar machos: CS - animais que receberam ra??o; CT - receberam ra??o e EFAR; PS - receberam ra??o suplementada com polpa de pequi (3,26/100g = +50% do conte?do lip?dico da ra??o) e PT - receberam ra??o suplementada com polpa de pequi e EFAR. O EFAR foi realizado em piscina, em intensidades e cargas progressivas, e a dieta fornecida ad libitum durante quinze semanas. A ingest?o alimentar e o peso corporal foram monitorados durante o per?odo experimental para os c?lculos da ingest?o alimentar e cal?rica, do ganho de peso e dos coeficientes de efici?ncia alimentar (CEA) e energ?tica (CEE). As fezes foram coletadas nas ?ltimas 72 horas do experimento. A press?o arterial sist?lica (PAS) e a frequ?ncia card?aca (FC) foram aferidas no in?cio e na ?ltima semana do experimento. No ?ltimo dia do protocolo, os animais foram eutanasiados e foram determinados: (a) o comprimento da t?bia esquerda; (b) o peso absoluto e relativo do f?gado, p?ncreas e cora??o e da gordura das regi?es epididimal e retroperitoneal; (c) a concentra??o plasm?tica de colesterol total (COL), lipoprote?na de alta densidade (HDL), triglicer?deos (TG), glicose, insulina, o ?ndice HOMA-IR e o ?ndice aterog?nico; (d) a concentra??o hep?tica e fecal de COL e TG; (e) a umidade e o pH fecais; (f) a capacidade antioxidante total ? Ferring Reducing Antioxidant Power plasm?tica, e dos tecidos muscular (s?leo), hep?tico e card?aco; (g) os n?veis de peroxida??o lip?dica - Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances nos tecidos hep?tico, muscular e card?aco; (h) a atividade da enzima super?xido dismutase nos tecidos hep?tico e muscular; (i) a atividade da enzima catalase nos tecidos hep?tico, muscular e card?aco. Foram coletadas amostras de tecido duodenal para an?lises histomorfom?tricas. Observou-se que a associa??o da ingest?o da polpa de pequi ao EFAR n?o influenciou de maneira significativa no crescimento (ingest?o alimentar e cal?rica, peso corporal, CEA, CEE, peso de ?rg?os, comprimento da t?bia), na PAS e FC, na glicemia, na insulinemia ou no ?ndice HOMA-IR. Contudo, reduziu a deposi??o de gordura visceral (epididimal e retroperitoneal). Tamb?m n?o houve diferen?as entre os tratamentos para as concentra??es plasm?ticas de COL, HDL e TG. Contudo, a associa??o da ingest?o da polpa de pequi ao EFAR promoveu menor deposi??o hep?tica e maior excre??o fecal de lip?deos, al?m de preservar melhor a altura das vilosidades intestinais e promover aumento da profundidade das criptas. N?o houve impactos significativos dos tratamentos sobre as vari?veis relacionadas ao estado redox celular, somente a atividade da catalase foi aumentada pela associa??o entre EFAR e polpa de pequi no f?gado. Os efeitos fisiol?gicos advindos da ingest?o da polpa de pequi associada ao EFAR relacionados ao menor ac?mulo de lip?deos na regi?o visceral e f?gado, com a maior excre??o desses lip?deos, aumento da profundidade das criptas sem preju?zos ? estrutura do intestino e aumento da atividade antioxidante end?gena, bem como a aus?ncia de efeitos prejudiciais sobre as demais vari?veis analisadas, faz dessa associa??o uma poss?vel estrat?gia para redu??o do risco para DCNT e manuten??o da sa?de.Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa Multic?ntrico de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2014ABSTRACT Given the increasing number of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) affecting health and economy of countries, alternatives on reducing risk factors for these diseases are urged. A balanced diet that includes foods with functional properties associated with regular physical exercise is currently recommended. Among foods with functional potential, is pequi (Caryocar brasiliense), wich is widely used in Brazil for food, cosmetic and therapeutic purposes. It has as its major components, lipids high in monounsaturated fatty acids, fiber and carotenoids. These components have some similar effects as aerobic exercise on the reduction of several risk factors for NCDs, turning its association into a potential strategy for fighting NCDs risk factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate, in rats, biological effects from the intake of pequi pulp associated to regular aerobic exercise (RAE), specifically on growth-related, glucose and lipid metabolism and cardiovascular variables, on duodenal histomorphometry and cellular redox state. The experimental protocol consisted of four groups (n = 8 ) of male Wistar rats: CS - animals fed chow; CT - animals feed chow and RAE; PS - animals feed chow plus pequi pulp (3.26/100g = +50 % of the lipid content of chow) and PT - animals feed chow plus pequi pulp and RAE. The RAE was held in pool at intensities and progressive loadings, and the animals were fed ad libitum for fifteen weeks. Food intake and body weight were monitored throughout the experimental period for calculation of food and energy intakes, weight gain, feed (FE) and energy efficiencies (EE). Feces were collected in last 72 hours of the experiment. Tail systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured at the beginning and in the last week of the experiment. On the last day, the animals were euthanized; the abdominal and thoracic cavities were opened for sampling. It was determined: (a) The left tibia length; (b) the absolute and relative liver, pancreas and hearts weights and all the retroperitoneal and epididymal fat pads; (c) plasma concentrations of cholesterol (COL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR index and atherogenic index; (d) the liver and fecal concentrations of COL and TG; (e) fecal moisture and pH; (f) plasma, muscle (soleus), liver and heart total antioxidant capacity - Ferring Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP); (g) liver, muscle and heart levels of lipid peroxidation - Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); (h) liver and muscle activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD); (i) liver, muscle and heart activity of catalase (CAT). Duodenal tissue samples were collected for histomorphometric analyses. It was observed the intake of pequi pulp associated to RAE did not influence significantly animal?s growth (food and caloric intake, body weight, FE, EE, organ weights, tibia length), SBP and HR, plasma glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR and atherogenic indexes. However, this association reduced visceral fat pad weights. There were no differences among treatments for plasma COL, HDL and TG. However, the intake of pequi pulp associated to RAE led to lower hepatic deposition and increased fecal output of lipids, in addition to better preserve the intestinal villi height and to promote increased crypt depth. There were no significant effects regarding redox state of all variables, although CAT activity was increased in the liver of the animals fed pequi pulp plus RAE. The reduction of visceral fat and hepatic lipid deposition with increased excretion, the increased cell renewal without damaging the structure of the intestine, the increased endogenous antioxidant activity, and the absence of harmful effects on other variables, point out that the intake of pequi pulp associated to RAE is a possible strategy for reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases and for health maintenance

Caloric restriction-induced weight loss with a high-fat diet does not fully recover visceral adipose tissue inflammation in previously obese C57BL/6 mice

Caloric restriction (CR) reduces body weight and systemic inflammation, but the effects on adipose tissue under dietary lipid overload are controversial. We evaluated the effects of CR-induced weight loss with a high-fat diet on adipose tissue inflammation of obese mice. Male mice were assigned into low-fat diet (LF) and high-fat diet (HF) groups. After 8 weeks, the mice in the HF group were reassigned for another 7 weeks into the following 3 conditions: (i) kept in the HF condition; (ii) changed to low-fat diet ad libitum (LFAL); and (iii) changed to high-fat calorie-restricted (RHF) diet to reach LFAL body weight. Serum markers, adipocytokines, morphology, and inflammatory infiltrates in retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RAT) were accessed. The body weights of the LFAL and RHF groups were reduced, equaling the body weights of the LF group. The LFAL mice had restored almost all inflammatory markers as the LF mice, except tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and adiponectin. Compared with the HF group, the RHF group had lowered visceral adiposity, retroperitoneal adipocyte sizes, and RAT inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as TNF-α, interleukin-6, and hepatic and serum C-reactive protein, which were higher than that of the LFAL group; adiponectin and MCP-1 did not change. CR with high-fat diet reduced body weight and attenuated visceral adiposity but did not fully recover visceral tissue inflammation. Novelty • Caloric restriction in a high-fat diet ameliorated visceral adiposity. • Caloric restriction in a high-fat diet did not recover visceral adipose tissue inflammation.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author