Sensors placement for the faults detection and isolation based on bridge linked configuration of photovoltaic array

Introduction. The photovoltaic market has been increased over the last decade at a remarkable pace even during difficult economic times. Photovoltaic energy production becomes widely used because of its advantages as a renewable and clean energy source. It is eco-friendly, inexhaustible, easy to install, and the manufacturing time is relatively short. Photovoltaic modules have a theoretical lifespan of approximately 20 years. In real-life and for several reasons, some photovoltaic modules start to fail after being used for a period of 8 to 10 years. Therefore, to ensure safe and reliable operation of photovoltaic power plants in a timely manner, a monitoring system must be established in order to detect, isolate and resolve faults. The novelty of the proposed work consists in the development of a new model of sensors placement for faults detection in a photovoltaic system. The fault can be detected accurately after the analysis of changes in measured quantities. Purpose. Analysis of the possibility of the number and the position of the sensors into the strings in function of different faults. Methods. This new method is adapted to the bridge linked configuration. It can detect and locate failure points quickly and accurately by comparing the measured values. Results. The feasibility of the chosen model is proven by the simulation results under MATLAB/Simulink environment for several types of faults such as short-circuit current, open circuit voltage in the photovoltaic modules, partially and completely shaded cell and module.Вступ. Ринок фотоелектричної енергії зріс за останнє десятиліття неймовірними темпами навіть у складні економічні часи. Виробництво фотоелектричної енергії стає широко використовуваним через його переваги як відновлюваного та чистого джерела енергії. Він екологічно чистий, невичерпний, простий в установці, а час виготовлення відносно короткий. Фотоелектричні модулі мають теоретичний термін служби приблизно 20 років. У реальному житті з кількох причин деякі фотоелектричні модулі починають виходити з ладу після використання протягом 8-10 років. Тому для своєчасного забезпечення безпечної та надійної роботи фотоелектричних електростанцій необхідно створити систему моніторингу для виявлення, локалізації та усунення несправностей. Новизна запропонованої роботи полягає в розробці нової моделі розміщення датчиків для виявлення несправностей у фотоелектричній системі. Несправність можна точно виявити після аналізу змін вимірюваних величин. Мета. Аналіз можливості кількості та розташування датчиків у рядках  залежно від різних несправностей. Методи. Цей новий метод адаптовано до конфігурації, пов’язаної з мостом. Він може швидко й точно виявляти та локалізувати точки збою, порівнюючи виміряні значення. Результати. Здійсненність обраної моделі підтверджується результатами моделювання в середовищі MATLAB/Simulink для кількох типів несправностей, таких як струм короткого замикання, напруга холостого ходу в фотоелектричних модулях, частково та повністю затемнена комірка та модуль

Effect of High-k Oxide on Double Gate Transistor Embedded in RF Colpitts Oscillator

This paper present a comprehensive analysis of LC Colpitts Oscillator built around a DGMOS (Double Gate Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistor using high-k technology. A mixed- mode simulation is involved, applying a quantum model to the device whereas the rest of the considered circuit is governed by Kirchhoff‟s laws. The quantum device model correspond to 2D numerical calculations based on self- consistent codes coupling Poisson and Schrödinger equation along the transport direction, considering an effective mass approximation. A comparison with Drift Diffusion model (DDM) is made in order to point out importance of quantum effect in this nanometer device. The impact of high-k oxide gate is investigated and analyzed; the results confirm that the high-k is an interesting alternative to reduce tunneling gate current of the DGMOS transistor but reach the same drain one. Considering the oscillator, our goal is focused on the analysis of its phase noise. The Linear Time Variant (LTV) model of phase noise is considered. It is based on the Impulse Sensitivity Function (ISF) which describes carefully the sensitivity of an oscillator to a parasite impulse current injection in different nodes of the circuit. The obtained results pointed out that the ISF function is sinusoidal and its period is nearly the same of the oscillator output signal for different dielectric oxide. It also states that the phase noise of a Colpitts oscillator is not affected by the use of the high-k materials. Finally this method, if extended, is a good tool to investigate a perturbation response on such circuits

Design and experimental implementation of voltage control scheme using the coefficient diagram method based PID controller for two-level boost converter with photovoltaic system

Introduction. Currently, in the solar energy systems and a variety of electrical applications, the power converters are essential part. The main challenge for similar systems is controller design. In the literature, the PID controller has proved its effectiveness in many industrial applications, but determining its parameters remains one of the challenges in control theory field. The novelty of the work resides in the design and experimental implementation of a two-level boost DC-DC converter controlled by a PID controller for photovoltaic (PV) maximum power extraction. Purpose. Analysis and control of the two-level boost topology with renewable energy source and design of the PID controller parameters using simple and accurate method. Methods. PID coefficients are optimized using Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM) in the MATLAB environment. Results. A mathematical model of a two-level boost converter with PID controller and PV energy source was developed and analyzed. The model allows to design the controller parameters of the proposed system. Practical value. A prototype steered by the proposed CDM-PID controller was tested using an Arduino embedded board. A comparison between the simulation results and the experimental one is presented. The obtained results illustrate that the experimental results match the simulation closely, and the proposed CDM-PID controller provides a fast and precise results.Вступ. В даний час перетворювачі потужності є невід’ємною частиною сонячних енергетичних систем та різних електричних пристроїв. Основною проблемою для таких систем є проектування контролера. У літературі ПІД-регулятор довів свою ефективність у багатьох промислових застосуваннях, але визначення його параметрів залишається однією з проблем у галузі теорії управління. Новизна роботи полягає у розробці та експериментальній реалізації дворівневого підвищувального перетворювача постійного струму, керованого ПІД-регулятором, для отримання максимальної потужності фотоелектричних пристроїв. Мета. Аналіз та управління дворівневою топологією підвищення з використанням відновлюваного джерела енергії та розрахунок параметрів ПІД-регулятора простим та точним методом. Методи. Коефіцієнти ПІД оптимізуються за допомогою методу діаграми коефіцієнтів (CDM) у середовищі MATLAB. Отримані результати. Розроблено та проаналізовано математичну модель дворівневого підвищувального перетворювача з ПІД-регулятором та фотоелектричним джерелом енергії. Модель дозволяє спроєктувати параметри контролера пропонованої системи. Практична цінність. Прототип, керований пропонованим контролером CDM-PID, протестували з використанням вбудованої плати Arduino. Наведено порівняння результатів моделювання з експериментальними даними. Отримані результати показують, що експериментальні результати близько відповідають моделюванню, а пропонований CDM-ПІД-регулятор забезпечує швидкі та точні результати

Implementation of MPPT Algorithm and Supervision of Shading on Photovoltaic Module

This paper presents an implementation of MPPT (maximum power point tracking) algorithm based on real-time measurements and on model-based simulation. For the supervision of a photovoltaic module, different cases of shading are used. Attention was given on advanced control for the supervision of a photovoltaic system according to the need to maximize energy output. Experimental results verified the performance and the feasibility of the proposed system

Techno-Economic Feasibility Study of Investigation of Renewable Energy System for Rural Electrification in South Algeria

This work aims to consider the combination of different technologies regarding energy production and management with four possible configurations. We present an energy management algorithm to detect the best design and the best configuration from the combination of different sources. This combination allows us to produce the necessary electrical energy for supplying habitation without interruption. A comparative study is conducted among the different combinations on the basis of the cost of energy, diesel consumption, diesel price, capital cost, replacement cost, operation, and maintenance cost and greenhouse gas emission. Sensitivity analysis is also performed

Photovoltaic fault diagnosis algorithm using fuzzy logic controller based on calculating distortion ratio of values

Introduction. The efficiency of solar energy systems in producing electricity in a clean way. Reliance on it in industrial and domestic systems has led to the emergence of malfunctions in its facilities. During the operating period, these systems deteriorate, and this requires the development of a diagnostic system aimed at maintaining energy production at a maximum rate by detecting faults as soon as possible and addressing them. Goal. This work proposes the development of an algorithm to detect faults in the photovoltaic system, which based on fuzzy logic. Novelty. Calculate the distortion ratio of the voltage and current values resulting from each element in the photovoltaic system and processing it by the fuzzy logic controller, which leads to determining the nature of the fault. Results. As show in results using fuzzy logic control by calculating the distortion ratio of the voltage and current detect 12 faults in photovoltaic array, converter DC-DC and battery

Comprehensive review of radial distribution test systems for power system distribution education and research

A comprehensive review of existing radial distribution test systems available for power system distribution research is presented. The review can be used to establish a record of cases suitable for distribution operation and planning studies. The importance of the distribution system, the structure of the system in the grid, and various configurations of the distribution network are discussed. The primary requirement of a distribution network is highlighted to underline the important system parameters that should be considered in the design and planning stages. Various research related to the distribution network can be conducted, such as load flow algorithms, optimal incorporation of distributed generation, network reconfiguration, and optimal capacitor allocation, such as important details pertaining to each test system are given. Additional information, such as active and reactive loads and losses, minimum voltage values, and bus location with the weakest voltage values, is provided. Application of the reviewed works based on the test system is tabulated and presented. The information presented in this paper will be beneficial for future research in distribution system design and planning

Effect of High-k Oxide on Double Gate Transistor Embedded in RF Colpitts Oscillator

This paper present a comprehensive analysis of LC Colpitts Oscillator built around a DGMOS (Double Gate Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistor using high-k technology. A mixed- mode simulation is involved, applying a quantum model to the device whereas the rest of the considered circuit is governed by Kirchhoff‟s laws. The quantum device model correspond to 2D numerical calculations based on self- consistent codes coupling Poisson and Schrödinger equation along the transport direction, considering an effective mass approximation. A comparison with Drift Diffusion model (DDM) is made in order to point out importance of quantum effect in this nanometer device. The impact of high-k oxide gate is investigated and analyzed; the results confirm that the high-k is an interesting alternative to reduce tunneling gate current of the DGMOS transistor but reach the same drain one. Considering the oscillator, our goal is focused on the analysis of its phase noise. The Linear Time Variant (LTV) model of phase noise is considered. It is based on the Impulse Sensitivity Function (ISF) which describes carefully the sensitivity of an oscillator to a parasite impulse current injection in different nodes of the circuit. The obtained results pointed out that the ISF function is sinusoidal and its period is nearly the same of the oscillator output signal for different dielectric oxide. It also states that the phase noise of a Colpitts oscillator is not affected by the use of the high-k materials. Finally this method, if extended, is a good tool to investigate a perturbation response on such circuits