Validity And Reliability Of A Self-efficacy Expectancy Scale For Adherence To Antiretroviral Therapy For Parents And Carers Of Children And Adolescents With Hiv/aids [validação E Reprodutibilidade De Uma Escala De Auto-eficácia Para Adesão Ao Tratamento Anti-retroviral Em Pais Ou Cuidadores De Crianças E Adolescentes Vivendo Com Hiv/aids]

Objective: To validate and evaluate the reproducibility of a self-efficacy (SE) scale for adherence to antiretroviral therapy in children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS, taking into account the perspective of parents/guardians. Methods: The study was carried out at the Hospital-Dia, Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/AIDS (CRT/SP), in São Paulo, Brazil. The parents/guardians of 54 children and adolescents aged 6 months to 20 years were interviewed during routine consultations at our service. Data on SE were collected using the Self-Efficacy for Following Anti-Retroviral Prescription Scale, and SE scores were calculated in two different ways: factor analysis and a predefined formula. The scale's internal consistency was verified using Cronbach's α coefficient. Validity was tested by comparing the mean scores of a group of patients who did adhere to antiretroviral treatment with those of a group that did not (Mann-Whitney test) and by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficient for agreement between scores and clinical parameters. Reproducibility was verified using the Wilcoxon test, intraclass correlation coefficients (ricc) and Bland-Altman plots. Results: The SE scale demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.87) and good reproducibility (r icc = 0.69 and r icc = 0.75). In terms of validity, the SE scale was capable of differentiating adherent patients from those who did not adhere to their antiretroviral treatment (p = 0.002) and exhibited a significant correlation with CD4 counts (r = 0.28; p = 0.04). Conclusions: The SE scale can be used to assess adherence to antiretroviral therapy in children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS, taking into account the perspective of parents/carers. Copyright © 2008 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.8414146Matida, L.H., da Silva, M.H., Tayra, A., Succi, R.C., Gianna, M.C., Gonçalves, A., Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in São Paulo State, Brazil: An update (2005) AIDS, 19 (SUPPL. 4), pp. S37-S41Gibb, D.M., Goodall, R.L., Giacomet, V., McGee, L., Compagnucci, A., Lyall, H., Paediatric European Network for Treatment of Aids Steering Committee. Adherence to prescribed antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in the PENTA 5 trial (2003) Pediatr Infect Dis J, 22, pp. 56-62Pluciennik, A.M., (2003) Transmissão materno infantil do vírus da imunodeficiência humana adquirida: Quanto custa não prevenir [tese], , São Paulo: Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP;Dyke, R.B.V., Lee, S., Johnson, G.M., Wiznia, A., Mohan, K., Stanley, K., Reported adherence as a determinant of response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children who have human immunodeficiency virus infection (2002) Pediatrics, 109 (4), pp. 1-7Starace, F., Massa, A., Amico, K.R., Fisher, J.D., Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: An empirical test of the information-motivation-behavioral skills model (2006) Health Psychol, 25, pp. 153-162Shah, C.A., Adherence to high activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in pediatric patients infected with HIV: Issues and interventions (2007) Indian J Pediatr, 74, pp. 55-60Leite, J.C., Drachler, M.L., Centeno, M.O., Pinheiro, C.A., Silveira, V.L., Desenvolvimento de uma escala de auto-eficácia para adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral. (2002) Psicol Reflex Crit, 15, pp. 121-133Bandura, A., Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change (1977) Psychol Rev, 84, pp. 191-215Gortmaker SL, Lenderking WR, Clark C, Lee S, Fowler MG, Oleske JMThe ACTG 219 Team. Development and use of a pediatric quality of life questionnaire in AIDS clinical trials: reliability and validity of the general health assessment for children. In: Drotar D. Measuring health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: implications for research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates1998. p. 219-35Eiser, C., Morse, R., Quality-of-life measures in chronic diseases of childhood (2001) Health Technol Assess, 5, pp. 1-95Streiner, D.L., Norman, G.R., (2003) Health measurement scales: A practical guide to their development and use, , 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press;Drotar D, Levi R. Critical issues and needs in health-related quality of life assessment of children and adolescents with chronic health condition. In: Drotar D. Measuring health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: implications for research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates1998. p. 3-2

The Association Between Domestic Violence During Pregnancy And Low Birth Weight Or Prematurity [associação Entre Violência Doméstica Na Gestação E Peso Ao Nascer Ou Prematuridade]

Objective: To investigate whether domestic violence during pregnancy is associated with unfavorable infant health outcomes, measured by low birth weight or prematurity. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study enrolling pregnant women whose prenatal care was provided by 10 basic health units in the city of Campinas, SP, Brazil, between 2004 and 2006. A structured questionnaire was employed that had previously been validated for use in Brazil. Each mother attended a minimum of two and a maximum of three interviews during the prenatal and postnatal periods. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Student's t test was used to compare means for birth weight and gestational age between mothers who had suffered domestic violence during the current pregnancy and those who had not. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with low birth weight or prematurity. Results: During the prenatal and postnatal periods, 89.1% (n = 1,229) of the pregnant women were followed up, 10.9% being lost to follow-up, basically due to changes of address. Mean birth weight was 3,233 g; mean gestational age was 38.56 weeks. A total of 13.8% of the infants had low birth weight or were premature. Conditions associated with risk of low birth weight or prematurity were: mothers who had previously given birth prematurely (p < 0.005), who smoked (p < 0.001), who delivered by caesarian (p < 0.001) and whose partners had a low educational level (p < 0.008). Conclusions: In this study, no statistically significant association was observed between domestic violence perpetrated by partners and low birth weight or prematurity. Copyright © 2008 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.8416067Gazmararian, J.A., Lazorick, S., Spitz, A.M., Ballard, T.J., Saltzman, L.E., Marks, J.S., Prevalence of violence against pregnant women (1996) JAMA, 275, pp. 1915-1920Jasinski, J.L., Pregnancy and domestic violence: A review of the literature (2004) Trauma Violence Abuse, 5, pp. 47-64Kaye, D.K., Mirembe, F.M., Bantebya, G., Johansson, A., Ekstrom, A.M., Domestic violence during pregnancy and risk of low birthweight and maternal complications: A prospective cohort study at Mulago Hospital, Uganda (2006) Trop Med Int Health, 11, pp. 1576-1584Shumway, J., O'Campo, P., Gielen, A., Witter, F.R., Khouzami, A.N., Blakemore, K.J., Preterm labor, placental abruption, and premature rupture of membranes in relation to maternal violence or verbal abuse (1999) J Matern Fetal Med, 8, pp. 76-80Murphy, C.C., Schei, B., Myhr, T., Du Mont, J., Abuse: A risk factor for low birth weight? A systematic review and meta-analysis (2001) CMAJ, 164, pp. 1567-1572Panaretto, K., Lee, H., Mitchell, M., Larkins, S., Manessis, V., Buettner, P., Risk factors for preterm, low birth weight and small for gestational age birth in urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women in Townsville (2006) Aust N Z J Public Health, 30, pp. 163-170Leung, W.C., Lueng, T.W., Lam, Y.Y., Ho, P.C., The prevalence of domestic violence against pregnant women in a Chinese community (1999) Int J Gynecol Obstet, 66, pp. 23-30Grimstad, H., Schei, B., Backe, B., Jacobsen, G., Physical abuse and low birth weight: A case-control study (1997) Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 104, pp. 1281-1287Coker, A.L., Smith, P.H., Bethea, L., King, M.R., McKeown, R.E., Physical health consequences of physical and psychological intimate partner violence (2000) Arch Fam Med, 9, pp. 451-457Nasir, K., Hyder, A.A., Violence against pregnant women in developing countries: Review of evidence (2003) Eur J Public Health, 13, pp. 105-107Menezes, C.T., Amorim, M.M., Santos, L.C., Faúndes, A., Violência física doméstica e gestação: Resultados de um inquérito no puerpério. (2003) Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet, 25, pp. 309-316Schraiber LB, D'Oliveira AF, Couto MT, Pinho AA, Hanada H, Felicíssimo A, et al. Ocorrência de casos de violência doméstica e sexual nos serviços de saúde em São Paulo e desenvolvimento de tecnologia de atendimento para o programa de saúde da mulher, São Paulo, FMUSP. 2003. (Relatório Final da Pesquisa a FAPESP, Processo no 98/14070-9)Critério de Classificação Econômica do Brasil, , http://www.datavale-sp.com.br/CCEB.pdf, Associação Nacional das Empresas de Pesquisa de Mercado ANEP, Disponível em:, Acesso em: 15.04.2007Mari, J.J., Williams, P., A validity study of a psychiatric screening questionnaire (SQR-20) in primary care in the city of São Paulo (1986) Br J Psychiatry, 148, pp. 23-26Brasil, Ministério da Saúde. Indicadores de morbidade e fatores de risco, , http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/idb2000/fqd17.htm, Disponível em:, Acesso em: 19.01.2007Kilsztajn, S., Rossbach, A., Carmo, M.S.N., Sugahara, T.L., Assistência pré-natal, baixo peso e prematuridade no Estado de São Paulo, 2000. (2003) Rev Saude Publica, 37, pp. 303-310Sclowitz, I.K.T., Santos, I.S., Fatores de risco na recorrência do baixo peso ao nascer, restrição de crescimento intra-uterino e nascimento pré-termo em sucessivas gestações: Um estudo de revisão. (2006) Cad Saude Publica, 22, pp. 1129-1136Núñez-Rivas, H.P., Monge-Rojas, R., Gríos-Dávila, C., Elizondo-Ureña, A.M., Rojas-Chavarría, A., La violência física, psicológica, emocional y sexual durante el embarazo: Riesgo reproductivo predictor de bajo peso al nascer em Costa Rica. (2003) Rev Panam Salud Publica, 14, pp. 75-83Covington, D.L., Hage, M., Hall, T., Mathis, M., Preterm delivery and the severity of violence during pregnancy (2001) J Reprod Med, 46, pp. 1031-1039Berenson, A.B., Wiemann, C.M., Wilkinson, G.S., Jones, W.A., Anderson, G.D., Perinatal morbidity associated with violence experienced by pregnant women (1994) Am J Obstet Gynecol, 170, pp. 1760-1766Jagoe, J., Magann, F.E., Chauhan, S.P., Morrison, J.C., The effects of physical abuse on pregnancy outcomes in a low-risk obstetric population (2000) Am J Obstet Gynecol, 182, pp. 1067-106

Factors Associated With Dietary Quality Among Adults In Greater Metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil, 2002 [fatores Associados à Qualidade Da Dieta De Adultos Residentes Na Região Metropolitana De São Paulo, Brasil, 2002]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors associated with quality of diet in adults residing in Greater Metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional, population-based study conducted in the district of Butantã and the municipalities of Itapecerica da Serra, Embu, and Taboão da Serra, based on data from a questionnaire and 24-hour recall from 1,840 adults, both males and females, included in a household health survey (ISA-SP). Dietary quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) adapted to the local reality. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between HEI and other variables. Most individuals (75%) ate diets that were rated as "need improvement". The mean HEI was low for fruit, vegetables, and dairy products. Number of durable goods, head-of-family's schooling, and age ≥ 60 years were associated with HEI in men. For women, age was associated with HEI. Energy intake was considered an adjustment variable for both genders.241169178Kant, A.K., Indexes of overall diet quality: A review (1996) J Am Diet Assoc, 96, pp. 785-791Haines, P.S., Siega-Riz, A.M., Popkin, B.M., The diet quality index revised: A measurement instrument for populations (1999) J Am Diet Assoc, 99, pp. 697-704Lee, R.D., Nieman, D.C., Standards for nutrient intake (2003) Nutritional assessment, pp. 12-72. , Lee RD, Nieman DC, editors, 3rd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill;Willett, W.C., (1998) Nutritional epidemiology, , 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press;Kennedy, E.T., Ohls, J., Carlson, S., Fleming, K., The healthy eating index: Design and applications (1995) J Am Diet Assoc, 95, pp. 1103-1108Bowman, S.A., Lino, M., Gerrior, S.A., Basiotis, P.P., (1994) The healthy eating index, , Washington DC: Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, U.S. Department of Agriculture;, 96Basiotis, P.P., Carlson, A., Gerrior, S.A., Juan, W.Y., Lino, M., (1999) The healthy eating index, , Washington DC: Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, U.S. Department of Agriculture;, 2002World Health Organization. Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization2000. (WHO Technical Report Series, 894)Pinheiro, A.B.V., Lacerda, E.M.A., Benzecry, E.H., Gomes, M.C.S., Costa, V.M., Tabela para avaliação de consumo alimentar em medidas caseiras (2000) São Paulo: Editora, , 4a Ed, Atheneu;Fisberg, R.M., Villar, B.S., Manual de receitas e medidas caseiras para cálculo de inquéritos alimentares: Manual elaborado para auxiliar o processamento de inquéritos alimentares (2002) São Paulo: Signus EditoraFisberg, R.M., Slater, B., Barros, R.R., Lima, F.D., Carandina, L., Barros, M.B.A., Índice de qualidade da dieta: Avaliação da adaptação e aplicabilidade (2004) Rev Nutr PUCCAMP, 17, pp. 301-308Guo, X., Warden, B.A., Paeratakul, S., Bray, G.A., Healthy eating index and obesity (2004) Eur J Clin Nutr, 58, pp. 1580-1586Ford, E.S., Mokdad, A.H., Liu, S., Healthy eating index and C-reative protein concentration: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994 (2005) Eur J Clin Nutr, 59, pp. 278-283Rafferty, A.P., Anderson, J.V., McGee, H.B., Miller, C.E., A healthy diet indicator: Quantifying compliance with the dietary guidelines using the BRFSS (2002) Prev Med, 35, pp. 9-15McCullough, M.L., Feskanich, D., Rimm, E.B., Giovannucci, E.L., Ascherio, A., Variyam, J.N., Adherence to the dietary guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in men (2000) Am J Clin Nutr, 72, pp. 1223-1231McCullough, M.L., Feskanich, D., Stampfer, M.J., Rosner, B.A., Hu, F.B., Hunter, D.J., Adherence to the dietary guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in women (2000) Am J Clin Nutr, 72, pp. 1214-1222Slattery, M.L., Boucher, K.M., Caan, B.J., Potter, J.D., Ma, K.N., Eating patterns and risk of colon cancer (1998) Am J Epidemiol, 148, pp. 4-16Marchioni, D.M.L., Fisberg, R.M., Góis Filho, J.F., Kowalsky, L.P., Carvalho, M.B., Abrahão, M., Fatores dietéticos e câncer oral: Um estudo caso-controle na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil (2007) Cad Saúde Pública, 23, pp. 553-564Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, World Health Organization. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization2003. (WHO Technical Report Series, 916)Hu, F.B., Willett, W.C., Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease (2002) JAMA, 288, pp. 2569-2578Ness, A.R., Powles, J.W., Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: A review (1997) Int J Epidemiol, 26, pp. 1-13Prentice, A., Diet nutrition and the prevention of osteoporosis (2004) Public Health Nutr, 7, pp. 227-243(2000) Dietary reference intakes: Applications in dietary assessment, , Institute of Medicine, Washington DC: National Academies Press;Galeazzi MAM, Domene SMA, Sichieri R, organizadores. Estudo multicêntrico sobre consumo alimentar. Cadernos de Debate 1997no. especForshee, R.A., Storey, M.L., Demographics, not beverage consumption, is associated with diet quality (2006) Int J Food Sci Nutr, 57, pp. 494-511Thiele, S., Mensink, G.B.M., Beitz, R., Determinants of diet quality (2004) Public Health Nutr, 7, pp. 29-37Pérez-Escamilla, R., Haldeman, L., Food label use modifies association of income with dietary quality (2002) J Nutr, 132, pp. 768-772Popkin, B.M., Zizza, C., Siega-Riz, A.M., Who is leading the change? U.S. dietary quality comparison between 1965 and 1996 (2003) Am J Prev Med, 25, pp. 1-8Fisberg RM, Slater B, Morimoto JM, Bueno MB. Hábito alimentar: qualidade da dieta. In: César CLG, Carandina L, Alves MCGP, Barros MBA, Goldbaum M, organizadores. Saúde e condição de vida em São Paulo: inquérito multicêntrico de saúde no Estado de São Paulo. São Paulo: Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo2005. p. 81-9Cesar CLG. Condição de vida. In: César CLG, Carandina L, Alves MCGP, Barros MBA, Goldbaum M, organizadores. Saúde e condição de vida em São Paulo: inquérito multicêntrico de saúde no Estado de São Paulo. São Paulo: Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo2005. p. 63-78(2004) Síntese de indicadores sociais 2003. Rio de, , Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística;, Estudos & Pesquisas. Informação Demográfica e Socioeconômica, 1