Flexible electronics non-destructive uniformity characterization by synchronized thermography

Abstract Synchronized thermography (ST) is utilized in the characterization of a flexible hybrid electronics. ST is used for both in the analysis of the structural uniformity and electrical functionality. Flexible lighting foils combining conventionally manufactured light-emitting diode (LED) chips and current regulators with a printed wiring on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate were used as test samples. The measurement results proves that ST measurement method is a feasible method for the uniformity and electrical functionality characterization of large-area printed thin films with conventional electronics. ST is an interesting option to be used as a measurement tool for online quality monitoring of hybrid electronics manufacturing

Developing an indicator for body fat mobilisation using mid-infrared spectrometry of milk samples in dairy cows

peer reviewedHigh energy requirement in the initiation of lactation may force dairy cows to mobilize energy from body tissue which leads to negative energy balance (EB). Negative EB can predispose cows to various health and fertility problems, and therefore should be considered in dairy cattle breeding programs especially if feed efficiency traits are included in breeding objectives. However, measuring of EB is difficult and estimates are imprecise. When a cow is in negative EB and mobilizing its fat reserves, concentrations of milk fatty acids and blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) change. Therefore, it is possible to use these changes as biomarkers for energy status. Mid-infrared spectrometry (MIR) is a routinely used tool for milk samples and many milk fatty acids can be predicted with high accuracy by MIR. Our objective was to assess the capability of MIR to predict blood plasma NEFA concentration from milk samples. Milk and corresponding blood samples were collected from Nordic Red dairy cows in three research farms between 2013 and 2016. There were altogether 1585 milk spectral readings and 809 NEFA records from 141 cows in the data set. Partial least squares regression was used to predict NEFA and EB from MIR spectral data. The coefficient of determination of cross validation (R2cv) for NEFA was 0.64 when leave-one-out cross validation was used for the whole data set. Higher R2cv values were found when predicting blood plasma NEFA concentration from evening milk samples (0.67), probably because fatty acid concentrations in milk vary slower than NEFA concentration in blood. The robustness of the developed prediction equation was inspected by calibrating the equations with records from the cows from two research herds and then predicting NEFA for cows from the other herd, so that there were differences in the environment of the calibration data (130 NEFA obs) and test data (647 NEFA obs.) sets. Nevertheless, R2 in the test data was 0.58 and RMSE 0.19 mmol/l, which indicates that the model is robust. Keywords: mid-infrared spectroscopy, non-esterified fatty acids, energy balanc

Developing an indicator for body fat mobilisation using mid-infrared spectrometry of milk samples in dairy cows

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