The Urban Origins of Suburban Autonomy by Richardson Dilworth

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/97257/1/j.1538-165X.2005.tb01441.x.pd

Does the Supreme Court Matter? Civil Rights and the Inherent Politicization of Constitutional Law

More than a decade ago, in a colloquium sponsored by the Virginia Law Review, scholars of the civil rights movement launched a fierce assault on Michael J. Klarman\u27s interpretation of the significance of the Supreme Court\u27s famous school desegregation ruling in Brown v. Board of Education. Klarman\u27s backlash thesis, initially set forth in a series of law review and history journal articles and now serving as the centerpiece of his new book, revolves around two central claims. First, he argues that the advancements toward racial equality generally attributed to Brown were instead the inevitable products of long-term political, social, and economic transformations that would have undermined Jim Crow regardless of Supreme Court intervention. Second, he credits Brown with a role in this historical process only through a chain of indirect causation: the Supreme Court decision galvanized massive resistance and racial violence in the South, which civil rights activists capitalized upon by engineering televised confrontations that mobilized public opinion across the nation, which created the climate for the passage of the federal civil rights and voting rights legislation of the mid-1960s, which directly and profoundly transformed southern race relations. Although the contours of this general story are part of the standard historical narrative, firmly grounded in the secondary source literature and taught in almost every university classroom, Klarman\u27s specific charge that civil rights scholars have greatly exaggerated the importance of Brown set off a bit of a firestorm. The first wave, which accompanied the 1994 Virginia Law Review article, included not only the expected differences of historiographical analysis but also criticism of a surprisingly personal nature. The response by David J. Garrow, titled Hopelessly Hollow History, ascribed Klarman\u27s views on Brown to the professorial urge for interpretive novelty, which often produces useful advancements but in some unfortunate cases results in revisionist interpretations whose rhetorical excesses are quickly revealed for what they are when old, but indisputable historical evidence, is inconveniently brought back to the pictorial foreground. Garrow highlighted Klarman\u27s failure to acknowledge the direct influence of Brown on the instigation of the 1955 Montgomery [bus] boycott, a causal analysis that emphasizes the crucial inspiration for southern black activists who finally had the moral authority and legal force of the Supreme Court on their side. While conceding Klarman\u27s point that Brown resulted in little school desegregation during the decade after 1954, Garrow blamed the Court itself for emboldening resistance to its decree through the infamous all deliberate speed implementation guidelines known as Brown II. Under this scenario, primary fault for the limited reach of Brown rested in the justices\u27 constrained vision of enforcement rather than in their premature placement of desegregation on the nation\u27s political agenda. In the final sentence of his rejoinder, Garrow dismissed Klarman\u27s entire project with undisguised condescension for the law professor treading on historians\u27 turf: [C]commentators would be well-advised to keep their professional desire for interpretive novelty in check, for rhetorically excessive overstatements and oversimplifications oftentimes do turn out to be hopelessly hollow once a fuller understanding of the historical record is brought to bear

Graduate Sessions 9: Keller Easterling

Keller Easterling is an architect, professor, urbanist, and writer whose books Enduring Innocence: Global Architecture and Its Political Masquerades and Organization Space: Landscapes, Highways and Houses in America offer original and provocative conflations of spatial theory and contemporary design

Leading a Campus Team to Navigate Through the Comprehensive Evaluation

What are some best practices to help your institution prepare for a comprehensive evaluation? This presentation will include discussion of how to gain broad campus community participation by assembling a team to help lead the process. Committee membership, information sharing, meeting topics and timelines will be shared

Take Care- Use Antibiotics Responsibly Swine Practitioner Project

The Take Care - Use Antibrotics Responsibly® program is an antimicrobial resistance and use educat1on and awareness program for pork producers. The program is based on principles and guidelines intended to minimize the development of antimicrobial resistance whrle maximizing animal health The program was developed by the National Pork Board, but veterinarians are key in the delivery of the program on farm. Since there are many factors that contribute to the amounts and types of antimicrobrals used on farm it was decided that the best way to measure program effectiveness was through measurement of changes in the attitude and behaviors of program particrpants

Context, scale structure, and statistics in the interpretation of positive-form adjectives

Relative adjectives in the positive form exhibit vagueness and context-sensitivity. We suggest that these phenomena can be explained by the interaction of a free threshold variable in the meaning of the positive form with a probabilistic model of pragmatic inference. We describe a formal model of utterance interpretation as coordination, which jointly infers the value of the threshold variable and the intended meaning of the sentence. We report simulations exploring the effect of background statistical knowledge on adjective interpretation in this model. Motivated by these simulation results, we suggest that this approach can account for the correlation between scale structure and the relative/absolute distinction while also allowing for exceptions noted in previous work. Finally, we argue for a probabilistic explanation of why the sorites paradox is compelling with relative adjectives even though the second premise is false on a universal interpretation, and show that this account predicts Kennedy's (2007) observation that the sorites paradox is more compelling with relative than with absolute adjectives

Knowledge of Objective 'Oughts': Monotonicity and the New Miners Puzzle

In the classic Miners case, an agent subjectively ought to do what they know is objectively wrong. This case shows that the subjective and objective ‘oughts’ are somewhat independent. But there remains a powerful intuition that the guidance of objective ‘oughts’ is more authoritative—so long as we know what they tell us. We argue that this intuition must be given up in light of a monotonicity principle, which undercuts the rationale for saying that objective ‘oughts’ are an authoritative guide for agents and advisors

Co-clinical imaging metadata information (CIMI) for cancer research to promote open science, standardization, and reproducibility in preclinical imaging

Preclinical imaging is a critical component in translational research with significant complexities in workflow and site differences in deployment. Importantly, the National Cancer Institute\u27s (NCI) precision medicine initiative emphasizes the use of translational co-clinical oncology models to address the biological and molecular bases of cancer prevention and treatment. The use of oncology models, such as patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDX) and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), has ushered in an era of co-clinical trials by which preclinical studies can inform clinical trials and protocols, thus bridging the translational divide in cancer research. Similarly, preclinical imaging fills a translational gap as an enabling technology for translational imaging research. Unlike clinical imaging, where equipment manufacturers strive to meet standards in practice at clinical sites, standards are neither fully developed nor implemented in preclinical imaging. This fundamentally limits the collection and reporting of metadata to qualify preclinical imaging studies, thereby hindering open science and impacting the reproducibility of co-clinical imaging research. To begin to address these issues, the NCI co-clinical imaging research program (CIRP) conducted a survey to identify metadata requirements for reproducible quantitative co-clinical imaging. The enclosed consensus-based report summarizes co-clinical imaging metadata information (CIMI) to support quantitative co-clinical imaging research with broad implications for capturing co-clinical data, enabling interoperability and data sharing, as well as potentially leading to updates to the preclinical Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard

Evaluational adjectives

This paper demarcates a theoretically interesting class of "evaluational adjectives." This class includes predicates expressing various kinds of normative and epistemic evaluation, such as predicates of personal taste, aesthetic adjectives, moral adjectives, and epistemic adjectives, among others. Evaluational adjectives are distinguished, empirically, in exhibiting phenomena such as discourse-oriented use, felicitous embedding under the attitude verb `find', and sorites-susceptibility in the comparative form. A unified degree-based semantics is developed: What distinguishes evaluational adjectives, semantically, is that they denote context-dependent measure functions ("evaluational perspectives")—context-dependent mappings to degrees of taste, beauty, probability, etc., depending on the adjective. This perspective-sensitivity characterizing the class of evaluational adjectives cannot be assimilated to vagueness, sensitivity to an experiencer argument, or multidimensionality; and it cannot be demarcated in terms of pretheoretic notions of subjectivity, common in the literature. I propose that certain diagnostics for "subjective" expressions be analyzed instead in terms of a precisely specified kind of discourse-oriented use of context-sensitive language. I close by applying the account to `find x PRED' ascriptions