224 research outputs found
Positive Work Practices. Opportunities and Challenges in Designing Meaningful Work-related Technology
Work is a rich source of meaning. However, beyond organizational changes,
most approaches in the research field of Meaningful Work neglected the power of
work-related technology to increase meaning. Using two cases as examples, this
paper proposes a wellbeing-driven approach to the design of work-related
technology. Despite the positive results of our cases, we argue that the use of
technology as a means of increasing meaning in the workplace is still in its
infancy.Comment: 5 pages, to be published in Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI
Conference on Human Factors in Computing System
Comparison of extraction sites versus artificial defects with xenogenic bone substitute in minipigs
Objectives
The preclinical evaluation of bone substitutes is frequently performed in artificially created defects. However, such defects do not reflect the predominant clinical application of bone substitutes for socket preservation. Hence, the goal of this animal study was to compare the performance of a xenogenic bone substitute in extraction sites versus artificial defects.
Material and Methods
Four study sites each were created in the mandibles of four minipigs in the region of the third premolars and first molars, respectively. On one side, fresh extraction sockets were established while contralaterally trephine defects were created in healed alveolar bone. All sites were augmented using a particulate xenogenic bone substitute, covered by resorbable membranes and allowed to heal for 12 weeks. The amounts of new bone, non-bone tissue and remaining bone substitute granules were quantified through histological and micro-CT analysis. Comparative statistics were based on t-tests for two samples and ANOVA with the level of significance set at α = 0.05.
Results
Histomorphometric data from only two animals could be quantitatively analyzed due to difficulty with identifying the surgical sites. The percentage of newly formed bone ranged between 53.2% ± 5.6% for artificial defects and 54.9% ± 12.4% for extraction sites. With the exception of ANOVA indicating a greater amount of non-bone tissue in extraction sites as compared to artificial sites (p = 0.047), no statistically significant differences were observed. Micro-CT scans showed patterns similar to the ones observed in histomorphometry. As extraction sites could be identified only in two micro-CT reconstructions, quantitative assessment was not undertaken.
Conclusions
Despite the comparable performance of bone substitute material in artificial defects and extraction sites found here, the data gathered with this experiment was insufficient for showing equivalence of both approaches
Regulatory Mechanisms of Somatostatin Expression
Somatostatin is a peptide hormone, which most commonly is produced by endocrine cells and the central nervous system. In mammals, somatostatin originates from pre-prosomatostatin and is processed to a shorter form, i.e., somatostatin-14, and a longer form, i.e., somatostatin-28. The two peptides repress growth hormone secretion and are involved in the regulation of glucagon and insulin synthesis in the pancreas. In recent years, the processing and secretion of somatostatin have been studied intensively. However, little attention has been paid to the regulatory mechanisms that control its expression. This review provides an up-to-date overview of these mechanisms. In particular, it focuses on the role of enhancers and silencers within the promoter region as well as on the binding of modulatory transcription factors to these elements. Moreover, it addresses extracellular factors, which trigger key signaling pathways, leading to an enhanced somatostatin expression in health and disease
Tissue-Protective Mechanisms of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Flap Surgery
Despite careful preoperative planning, surgical flaps are prone to ischemic tissue damage
and ischemia–reperfusion injury. The resulting wound breakdown and flap necrosis
increase both treatment costs and patient morbidity. Hence, there is a need for
strategies to promote flap survival and prevent ischemia-induced tissue damage.
Phytochemicals, defined as non-essential, bioactive, and plant-derived molecules, are
attractive candidates for perioperative treatment as they have little to no side effects and
are well tolerated by most patients. Furthermore, they have been shown to exert beneficial
combinations of pro-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic
effects. This review provides an overview of bioactive phytochemicals that have been
used to increase flap survival in preclinical animal models and discusses the underlying
molecular and cellular mechanisms
Cold atmospheric plasma does not affect the regenerative potential of the pulp in rats
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment combined with adhesive filling therapy on rat dental pulps. Cavities were prepared in the first maxillary molars of 20 Sprague Dawley rats. The first molar and the unprepared second molar of one randomly selected maxillary quadrant were treated with CAP. The prepared cavities were filled with composite. After 24 h and 28 days, 10 rats each were killed. Teeth were demineralized and embedded in paraffin and histological sections were stained with hematoxylin–eosin and chloracetatesterase. None of the pulps displayed necrosis. Plasma treatment caused no additional alteration to the dental pulp in combination with adhesive filling therapy. These findings indicate that plasma treatment is compatible with the regenerative potential of the pulp
Targeting sphingosine kinase-1 with the low MW inhibitor SKI-5C suppresses the development of endometriotic lesions in mice
Background and Purpose
Limited evidence suggests that the sphingosine-1-phosphate/sphingosine kinase 1 (S1P/SPHK1) signalling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Therefore, we analyzed in this study whether the inhibition of SPHK1 and, consequently, decreased levels of S1P affected the vascularization and growth of endometriotic lesions.
Experimental Approach
Endometriotic lesions were surgically induced in the peritoneal cavity and the dorsal skinfold chamber of female BALB/c mice. The animals received a daily dose of the SPHK1 inhibitor SKI-5C or vehicle (control). Analyses involved the determination of lesion growth, cyst formation, microvessel density and cell proliferation within peritoneal endometriotic lesions by means of high-resolution ultrasound imaging, caliper measurement, histology and immunohistochemistry. In the dorsal skinfold chamber model the development of newly formed microvascular networks and their microhemodynamic parameters within endometriotic lesions were investigated by means of intravital fluorescence microscopy.
Key Results
SKI-5C significantly inhibited the development and vascularization of peritoneal endometriotic lesions, as indicated by a reduced growth and cyst formation, a lower microvessel density and a suppressed cell proliferation, when compared to vehicle-treated controls. Endometriotic lesions in dorsal skinfold chambers of SKI-5C-treated animals exhibited a significantly smaller lesion size, lower functional microvessel density, smaller microvessel diameters and a reduced blood perfusion of the newly developing microvascular networks.
Conclusions and Implications
SPHK1/S1P signalling promotes the establishment and progression of endometriotic lesions. The inhibition of this pathway suppresses the development of endometriotic lesions, suggesting SPHK1 as a potential novel target for future endometriosis therapy
Finding the Inner Clock: A Chronobiology-based Calendar
Time and its lack of play a central role in our everyday lives. Despite
increasing productivity, many people experience time stress, exhaustion and a
longing for time affluence, and at the same time, a fear of not being busy
enough. All this leads to a neglect of natural time, especially the patterns
and rhythms created by physiological processes, subsumed under the heading of
chronobiology. The present paper presents and evaluates a calendar application,
which uses chronobiological knowledge to support people s planning activities.
Participants found our calendar to be interesting and engaging. It especially
made them think more about their bodies and appropriate times for particular
activities. All in all, it supported participants in negotiating. external
demands and personal health and wellbeing. This shows that technology does not
necessarily has to be neutral or even further current (mal-)practices. Our
calendar cares about changing perspectives and thus about enhancing users
wellbeing.Comment: 7 pages to be published in the Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI
ConferenceConference on Human Factors in Computing System
Maslinic acid alleviates ischemia/reperfusion-induced inflammation by downregulation of NFÎşB-mediated adhesion molecule expression
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced inflammation is associated with enhanced leukocyte rolling, adhesion and transmigration within the microcirculation. These steps are mediated by hypoxia-triggered signaling pathways, which upregulate adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells and pericytes. We analyzed whether these cellular events are affected by maslinic acid (MA). Mitochondrial activity and viability of MA-exposed endothelial cells and pericytes were assessed by water-soluble tetrazolium (WST)-1 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays as well as Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) stainings. Effects of MA on hypoxia and reoxygenation-induced expression of E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 were determined by flow cytometry. The subcellular localization of the NFÎşB subunit p65 was analyzed by immunofluorescence and Western blot. I/R-induced leukocytic inflammation was studied in MA- and vehicle-treated mouse dorsal skinfold chambers by intravital fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry. MA did not affect viability, but suppressed the mitochondrial activity of endothelial cells. Furthermore, MA reduced adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells and pericytes due to an inhibitory action on NFÎşB signaling. Numbers of adherent and transmigrated leukocytes were lower in post-ischemic tissue of MA-treated mice when compared to vehicle-treated controls. In addition, MA affected reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, resulting in a diminished oxidative DNA damage. Hence, MA represents an attractive compound for the establishment of novel therapeutic approaches against I/R-induced inflammation
The regulatory mechanisms of NG2/CSPG4 expression
Neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), is a surface type I transmembrane core proteoglycan that is crucially involved in cell survival, migration and angiogenesis. NG2 is frequently used as a marker for the identification and characterization of certain cell types, but little is known about the mechanisms regulating its expression. In this review, we provide evidence that the regulation of NG2 expression underlies inflammation and hypoxia and is mediated by methyltransferases, transcription factors, including Sp1, paired box (Pax) 3 and Egr-1, and the microRNA miR129-2. These regulatory factors crucially determine NG2-mediated cellular processes such as glial scar formation in the central nervous system (CNS) or tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, they are potential targets for the establishment of novel NG2-based therapeutic strategies in the treatment of CNS injuries, cancer and other conditions of these types
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