A study of the relationship of the incidence of physical complaints and the dissatisfactions of students of nursing during their psychiatric nursing experience

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston Universit

Cosmic Star Formation, Reionization, and Constraints on Global Chemical Evolution

Motivated by the WMAP results indicating an early epoch of reionization, we consider alternative cosmic star formation models which are capable of reionizing the early intergalactic medium. We develop models which include an early burst of massive stars (with several possible mass ranges) combined with standard star formation. We compute the stellar ionizing flux of photons and we track the nucleosynthetic yields for several elements: D, He4, C, N, O, Si, S, Fe, Zn. We compute the subsequent chemical evolution as a function of redshift, both in the intergalactic medium and in the interstellar medium of forming galaxies, starting with the primordial objects which are responsible for the reionization. We apply constraints from the observed abundances in the Lyman alpha forest and in Damped Lyman alpha clouds in conjunction with the ability of the models to produce the required degree of reionization. We also consider possible constraints associated with the observations of the two extremely metal-poor stars HE 0107-5240 and CS22949-037. We confirm that an early top-heavy stellar component is required, as a standard star formation model is unable to reionize the early Universe and reproduce the abundances of the very metal-poor halo stars. A bimodal (or top-heavy) IMF (40 - 100 M_\odot) is our preferred scenario compared to the extreme mass range (\ga 100 M_\odot) often assumed to be responsible for the early stages of reionization. A mode of even more extreme stellar masses in the range (\ge 270 M_\odot) has also been considered. All massive stars in this mode collapse entirely into black holes, and as a consequence, chemical evolution and reionization are de-correlated. [Abstract abbreviated.]Comment: 45 pages, 18 eps figures, as accepted in Ap

Urbanization and the carbon cycle: Current capabilities and research outlook from the natural sciences perspective

This paper explores the urban carbon cycle from the natural sciences perspective, identifying key knowledge gaps and priority areas for future research. The combination of large, concentrated carbon fluxes and rapid change makes cities key elements of the carbon cycle and offers the potential for them to serve as “first responders” for climate action. Estimates of urban‐scale carbon fluxes are significantly more uncertain than at larger spatial scales, in part because past studies have mostly avoided local/urban scales where the mix of anthropogenic and natural fluxes is complex and difficult to observationally isolate. To develop effective emission reduction policies, we need to understand emission sources and how they may be changing. Such improved quantification and understanding of underlying processes at the urban scale will not only provide policy‐relevant information and improve the understanding of urban dynamics and future scenarios, but will also translate into better global‐scale anthropogenic flux estimates, and advance our understanding of carbon cycle and climate feedbacks across multiple scales. Understanding the relationship between urbanization and urban carbon flows requires intellectual integration with research communities beyond the natural sciences. Cities can serve as interdisciplinary process laboratories that are sufficiently constrained in both spatial and governance scale to support truly integrated research by the natural sciences, social sciences, and engineering. A thoughtfully crafted science research agenda that is grounded in sustained, dense observations relevant to estimating urban carbon fluxes and their controlling processes and is focused on a statistically significant sample of cities will advance our understanding of the carbon cycle. Key Points Large carbon fluxes and rapid change make cities key carbon cycle elements Cities represent ideal interdisciplinary carbon cycle process laboratories Sustained campaigns in representative cities will transform urban carbon sciencePeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109579/1/eft244.pd

Evaluating Instruction in Writing, Approaches and Instruments

Englis

A high protein low glycemic index diet has no adverse effect on blood pressure in pregnant women with overweight or obesity: a secondary data analysis of a randomized clinical trial

ObjectivesThe objective of this analysis was to evaluate the effect of a diet rich in animal protein and low in glycemic index on blood pressure during pregnancy.DesignThis post hoc, secondary data analysis of a randomized controlled trial, evaluated blood pressure in pregnant participants who were randomized either to an ad libitum diet with high protein and low glycemic index, rich in dairy and seafood, or an ad libitum control diet according to national recommendations.SettingThe study occurred in pregnant women in Copenhagen, Denmark.SampleA total of 279 pregnant females with overweight or obesity were enrolled.Methods and outcome measureBlood pressure was measured at 5 timepoints during pregnancy from gestational week 15 through week 36, and blood pressure between groups was compared.ResultsThere were no differences between diet arms in systolic or diastolic blood pressure over time. There were also no differences in most blood-pressure-related pregnancy complications, including the prevalence of premature birth, preeclampsia, or hypertension, but the frequency of total cesarean sections was lower in the active than the control group (16 out of 104 vs. 30 out of 104) (p = 0.02).ConclusionIncreased animal protein intake was not associated with changes in blood pressure in pregnant women with overweight or obesity.Clinical trial registration[ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT01894139]

Loss of heterozygosity of TRIM3 in malignant gliomas

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Malignant gliomas are frequent primary brain tumors associated with poor prognosis and very limited response to conventional chemo- and radio-therapies. Besides sharing common growth features with other types of solid tumors, gliomas are highly invasive into adjacent brain tissue, which renders them particularly aggressive and their surgical resection inefficient. Therefore, insights into glioma formation are of fundamental interest in order to provide novel molecular targets for diagnostic purposes and potential anti-cancer drugs. Human <it>Tripartite motif protein 3 </it>(<it>TRIM3</it>) encodes a structural homolog of <it>Drosophila brain tumor </it>(<it>brat</it>) implicated in progenitor cell proliferation control and cancer stem cell suppression. <it>TRIM3 </it>is located within the loss of allelic heterozygosity (LOH) hotspot of chromosome segment 11p15.5, indicating a potential role in tumor suppression. ...</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Here we analyze 70 primary human gliomas of all types and grades and report somatic deletion mapping as well as single nucleotide polymorphism analysis together with quantitative real-time PCR of chromosome segment 11p15.5.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our analysis identifies LOH in 17 cases (24%) of primary human glioma which defines a common 130 kb-wide interval within the <it>TRIM3 </it>locus as a minimal area of loss. We further detect altered genomic dosage of <it>TRIM3 </it>in two glioma cases with LOH at 11p15.5, indicating homozygous deletions of <it>TRIM3</it>.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome segment 11p15.5 in malignant gliomas suggests <it>TRIM3 </it>as a candidate brain tumor suppressor gene.</p