THE TRANSITION FROM MARKET VALUATION TO INCOME VALUATION: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SHIFT ANALYSES FOR SOUTH DAKOTA

Agricultural land in South Dakota has traditionally been valued for property tax purposes by the market approach. Since this valuation approach relies upon comparable sales data, property values imitate trends in the agricultural land market. Interest in changing the state's market valuation approach to an income valuation approach surfaced in the late 1970's and resurfaced in the late 1990's amidst rising land values, structural changes within agriculture, and employment shifts to other industries. Agricultural land valuation pilot studies gained public attention since South Dakota, in the absence of a state income tax, relies upon sales tax, at the state level, and property tax, at the local level, to provide necessary revenue for public services. The 2002 statewide study addressed whether or not agricultural lands could be valued according to an income capitalization approach without creating any valuation shifts from the present market approach. This paper examines two types of valuation shifts identified during the study: 1) external valuation shifts between agricultural landowners and nonagricultural property owners and 2) internal valuation shifts between crop landowners and range/pasture landowners.Agribusiness,

Shifts in Agricultural Land Valuation in South Dakota: From Market-Based to Income Based Criteria

Agricultural land prices rise amidst increased demand from agricultural producers and individuals seeking land for recreational, speculative, or residential uses. Interest in changing South Dakota\u27s method of valuing agricultural land from a market-based to an income-based approach surfaced and resurfaced in the late 1970s and 1990s, respectively. Using results from two studies, we describe differences in land market conditions between these time periods and summarize the state and county valuation shifts resulting from adopting an income valuation approach. Specifically, we report internal valuation shifts between crop and pasture landowners and external valuation shifts between agricultural landowners and nonagricultural property owners

Currents, Vol.5, No.5 (Nov.10, 1986)

Libby G.Cohen Named Fourth Russell Chair Occupant--An Expanding Epidemic?(AIDS)--Child Care Center--Voters Support Number Nine--Corthell Concert Hall Gets A Percent--Help for Parents on the Way--Community Cable Network Enters Its Tenth Month--Alumni Top Their Goals--Clarifying the Intensely Personal Art of Dance (Daniel McCusker)--Managing Growth--Only 223 Days to Summer--Artistic Definitions--Orchestral Rehearsals Slated for USM--Bookstore Staff Recognized--USM Runners for United Way--Engineers Donate Electrohomehttps://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/currents/1158/thumbnail.jp

Currents, Vol.5, No.8 (Jan.12, 1987)

Designer Majors Available--McKernan Taps Faculty--Muskie Bikes for Upbeat Cardiac Program--Consulting in Cairo (Bruce MacLeod)--Down on the Farm--State to Act on HSDI Study--Economic Emphasis Underway at USM--A One Woman Show (Julie Goell)--PSQ at Corthell--Donald J. Clark Joins USM--An Outstanding Professorhttps://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/currents/1161/thumbnail.jp

Currents, Vol.5, No.6 (Nov.24, 1986)

Unearthing the Mysteries of Earthquakes (Mark T. Swanson)--Community Mourns Mark Shedd--USM\u27s Fifth Annual Children\u27s Christmas Party--The Warm Hearth of Africa (Gloria S. Duclos)--Shanghai Attorney Studies at Law School--Last Year on the Sidelines: Richard A. Costello (Al Bean)--Stress Is A Winner--A Wacky Romp in Russell Hall--Faculty Works on Exhibit--Checking it Outhttps://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/currents/1159/thumbnail.jp

Abundance and Seasonal Occurrence of Cetaceans in Outer Continental Shelf and Slope Waters of the North-Central and Northwestern Gulf of Mexico

Eight aerial line-transect surveys of outer continental shelf and continental slope waters (range 100-2,000 m deep) were conducted seasonally from summer 1992 through spring 1994 in the north-central and northwestern Gulf of Mexico to study the seasonal occurrence and spatial distribution of cetaceans and to estimate their abundances. The surveys sampled an 85,815 km2 study area, resulting in 49,960 km of effort and sightings of at least 18 cetacean species and 365 cetacean groups. Eight species identified in four seasons included bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), Risso\u27s dolphin (Grampus griseus), dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima) and pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis), and Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis). Clymene dolphin (Stenella clymene), striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), and beaked whales (Mesoplodon spp.) were sighted in three seasons. The number of species sighted seasonally ranged from 10 in fall to 15 in winter. The overall estimated abundance (number of animals) of five species, which accounted for 71% of the identified group sightings, were as follows: bottlenose dolphin, 2,890 (coefficient of variation [CV] = 0.20); pantropical spotted dolphin, 5,097 (CV = 0.24); Risso\u27s dolphin, 1,237 (CV = 0.28); dwarf-pygmy sperm whale, 176 (CV = 0.31 ); and sperm whale, 87 (CV = 0.27). Melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra) were sighted less frequently but were abundant (2,561; CV = 0.74) because of large group sizes. Common species were widely distributed spatially but occurred in different water depth ranges. In general, species abundance estimates varied seasonally, but the precision of estimates was usually poor (CV \u3e 0.30) and provided little power to detect significant seasonal differences

Estimates of cetacean abundance in the northern Gulf of Mexico from vessel surveys

The Southeast Fisheries Science Center (SEFSC) initiated annual, vessel-based visual sampling surveys of northern Gulf of Mexico marine mammals in 1990. The primary goal of these surveys was to meet Marine Mammal Protection Act requirements for estimating abundance and monitoring trends of marine mammal stocks in United States waters. The surveys were designed to collect: 1) marine mammal sighting data to estimate abundance and to determine distribution and diversity; and 2) environmental data to evaluate factors which may affect the distribution, abundance and diversity of marine mammals. The analyses for abundance estimation from the 1991-1994 surveys are presented in this report

an emotional theory

The paper is concerned with the measurement of emotions and the study of the role of emotions in consumer choice. Contemporary neurological findings suggest that emotions may play a role in its own right, quite different from the way in which they have been considered in traditional consumer choice behaviour theory. A large-scale study including 800 respondents, covering 64 brands, provide findings on emotional response tendencies for the brands, and relate these to involvement, type of need gratification, purchasing behaviour, etc

The wastewater treatment characteristics of a rotating flighted cylinder

The rotating flighted cylinder (RFC) was investigated as a potential wastewater treatment deVice. A RFC is a rigid tube with a helically-wound fin attached to the interior surface and operates by flowing wastewater through the tube as it rotates. An 8-inch and 24-inch diameter RFC was tested for solids-liquid separation, oxygen transfer, and removal of organic matter. The 8-inch RFC did not separate solids from liquid to any meaningful extent. The 24-inch RFC did show significant solids-liquid separation and appeared to prevent sloughed biomass from exiting with the cylinders lower effluent. Total oxygen transferred to the liquid was enhanced by increasing rotational speed and flow through the cylinder. Oxygen appeared to be transferred by other mechanisms not exhibited in the recreation tests. BOD removal exceeded the oxygen made available according to these tests. The 8-inch RPC obtained 90% BOD₅ and 80% COD removal at equivalent flow rates of .01 liter per minute. The 24-inch RPC was able to achieve over 90% BOD₅, removal within a four to eight hour retention time with a volume of 500 liters, Continuous flow treatment yielded soluble BOD₅ removals above 90% but high suspended solids kept total BOD₅ removal around 70%. On a loading per sur- 5 face area basis the biological capabilities of the RFC upppears similar to the rotating biological discs. Nitrification was not significant during treatment. Operational and capital costs make the unit a feasible package plant alternative