Association between depressive symptoms and psychosocial factors and perception of maternal self-efficacy in teenage mothers

Introduction. Teenage pregnancy is a national health priority. Having to deal with pregnancy during adolescence can cause the mother, at an already vulnerable age, to doubt her maternal capacity to cope with a challenge of this magnitude. The teenage mother’s assessment of her maternal self-efficacy is associated with her performance, in other words, the way she relates and responds to the needs of her infant, which has major implications for the latter’s development El embarazo adolescente es una prioridad nacional para la salud. Enfrentar un embarazo durante la adolescencia puede hacer que la madre, a una edad de por sí vulnerable, dude de su capacidad materna ante un reto de esta magnitud. La valoración que hace de su eficacia materna se asocia con su desempeño, esto es, con la manera de relacionarse y responder a las necesidades de su infante, misma que tiene consecuencias determinantes en el desarrollo de ést

Sensitivity and specificity of the three Whooley and Arroll questions for detecting perinatal depression in Mexican women

Objective. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Two Whooley questions and the Arroll question, using the SCID, The Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-I) as the gold standard for detecting perinatal depression. Materials and methods. We interviewed 210 women during pregnancy and 6 months postpartum. Results. The criterion with the greatest sensitivity was responding positively to either Whooley question (pregnancy= 94.7 %; postpartum=100.0%), while the most specific criterion was responding positively to the two Whooley questions plus the Arroll question (Pregnan­cy=90.0% Postpartum = 85.7%). Conclusion. The Whooley and Arroll questions have adequate psychometric properties to detect possible cases of depression during the perinatal period. They can be applied during prenatal check-ups and postpartum consultations. Timely detection of women at risk of perinatal depression can contribute to their treatment for reducing their adverse consequences in mothers and infants

Influencia de los sucesos vitales y el apoyo social en una intervención psicoeducativa para mujeres con depresión The influence of life events and social support in a psycho-educational intervention for women with depression

OBJETIVO: Investigar la influencia del apoyo social y los sucesos vitales sobre los síntomas de depresión: pretratamiento, postratamiento (15-30 días) y seguimiento (cuatro meses), en una intervención psicoeducativa para depresión. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron 254 mujeres con síntomas de depresión, de entre quienes solicitaron atención para dichos síntomas, en tres centros comunitarios de salud mental y un centro de salud de la Secretaría de Salud, en la Ciudad de México, entre enero de 1998 y diciembre de 2000. La intervención había mostrado previamente su eficacia en reducir los síntomas de depresión. Dichos síntomas se evaluaron con la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D), y los sucesos vitales y el apoyo social con escalas específicas para estos aspectos. Se realizaron análisis de regresión jerárquica para probar los diversos modelos. RESULTADOS: Modelo 1: efecto de sucesos vitales, apoyo social y variables sociodemográficas (edad, escolaridad, ingreso y ocupación) sobre CES-D pretratamiento. El modelo fue significativo (p<0.000) y las dos primeras variables y edad entraron en el modelo. Modelo 2: efecto de las mismas variables predictoras sobre CES-D postratamiento. El modelo fue significativo (p<0.001); apoyo social y sucesos vitales fueron incluidas en este modelo. Modelo 3: efecto de las mismas variables sobre CES-D en seguimiento. El modelo fue significativo (p<0.000) y las variables significativas fueron sucesos vitales y escolaridad. Modelo 4: efecto de apoyo social y sucesos vitales en seguimiento sobre CES-D en seguimiento. El modelo también fue significativo (p<0.000) y ambas variables entraron en el modelo. Análisis adicionales para los modelos 2 y 3, introduciendo CES-D pretratamiento como variable predictora, mostraron que sólo ésta fue significativa. CONCLUSIONES: Los sucesos vitales y el apoyo social se relacionan con los síntomas de depresión iniciales y también afectan la reducción de dichos síntomas, posteriores a la intervención psicoeducativa. Esto último, en gran medida, se debe a la alta correlación de los sucesos vitales y el apoyo social con la CES-D inicial. Los sucesos y la falta de apoyo en el seguimiento también tienen influencia sobre la CES-D en este periodo.<br>OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of social support and adverse life events on depression symptoms, before and after therapy (15-30 days) and during follow-up (4 months) of a psycho-educational intervention for depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 254 women with depression symptoms selected among those seeking treatment for their symptoms in three community mental health centers and in one Ministry of Health center, all of them in Mexico City, between January 1998 and December 2000. The intervention has been proved effective previously in reducing depression symptoms. Symptoms were assessed using Radloff's CES-D scale, while specifically designed scales were used for events and social support. Hierarchical regression analyses were carried out to test various models. RESULTS: Model 1: effect of variables: life events, social support, and socio-demographic variables (age, education level, income, and work status) on CES-D pre-treatment. The model was significant (p<0.000) and the first two variables and age were included in the model. Model 2: effect of the same predictive variables on CES-D post-treatment. The model was significant (p<0.001) and included social support and life events. Model 3: effect of the same variables on CES-D during follow-up. The model was significant (p<0.000) and included life events and educational achievement. Model 4: effect of social support and life events during follow-up on CES-D during follow-up. The model was also significant (p<0.000) and both variables were included in the model. Additional analyses for models 2 and 3 adding CES-D pre-treatment as a predictor showed that only the latter was significant. CONCLUSIONS: Life events and social support are associated with initial depression symptoms and also predict the reduction of symptoms following the psycho-educational intervention. This may be due to the high correlation of life events and social support with CES-D pre-treatment. Life events and social support following the intervention also have an effect on CES-D in this same stage

Satisfaction and Acceptability Ratings of a Web-Based Self-help Intervention for Depression: Retrospective Cross-sectional Study From a Resource-Limited Country

BackgroundWeb-based interventions are at an early stage in non–English-speaking low- and middle-income countries, where they remain scarce. Help for Depression (HDep) is one of the few unguided web-based interventions available in Latin America. The results of a use/usability analysis of the original version served as the basis for generating a more user-friendly second version. ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to explore participants’ satisfaction and acceptability for the second version of HDep. MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional design was used. An email invitation to complete a web-based survey was sent to all people who accessed HDep in 2018. The questionnaire included satisfaction and acceptability scales and open-ended questions. Complete questionnaires were retrieved from 191 participants: 35.1% (67/191) from those who visited only the home page (home page users [HPUs]) and 6.47% (124/1916) from those who registered to use the program (program users [PUs]). ResultsIn all groups, users experienced high levels of depressive symptoms (189/191, 98.9%; Center for Epidemiological Studies Scale-Depression >16). Moderate levels of satisfaction (HPUs: mean 21.9, SD 6.7; PUs: mean 21.1, SD 5.8; range: 8-32) and acceptability (HPUs: mean 13.8, SD 3.9; PUs: mean 13.9, SD 3.2; range: 5-20) were found in both groups. Logistic regression analyses showed that among HPUs, women were more satisfied with HDep (odds ratio [OR] 3.4, 95% CI 1.1-10.0), whereas among PUs, older respondents (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.08), those with paid work (OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.4-7.6), those who had not been in therapy (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.09-5.98), and those who had not attempted suicide (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.1-11.1) showed higher satisfaction. None of the sociodemographic/mental health variables distinguished the acceptability ratings among HPUs. Among PUs, those with paid work (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.5), those who had not been in therapy (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3-7.3), those without disability (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.6), and those who had not attempted suicide (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0-6.6) showed higher acceptability. ConclusionsHDep has good levels of satisfaction and acceptability for approximately half of its users, and the information provided by respondents suggested feasible ways to remedy some of the deficiencies. This qualitative–quantitative study from a low- to middle-income, non–English-speaking country adds to existing knowledge regarding acceptance and satisfaction with web-based interventions for depression in resource-limited countries. This information is important for the creation and adaptation of web-based interventions in low- and middle-income countries, where access to treatment is a major concern, and web-based prevention and treatment programs can help deliver evidence-based alternatives. It is necessary to document the pitfalls, strengths, and challenges of such interventions in this context. Understanding how users perceive an intervention might suggest modifications to increase adherence

Childhood abuse increases the risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms and history of suicidal behavior in Mexican pregnant women

Objective:To explore the relationship between individual and co-occurring childhood sexual, physical, and verbal abuse, prenatal depressive (PDS) and anxiety symptoms (PAS), and history of suicidal behavior (HSB) among Mexican pregnant women at risk of depression.Methods:A sample of 357 women screened for PDS was interviewed using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA-Q), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the anxiety subscale of the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90), and specific questions on verbal abuse and HSB.Results:Logistic regression analyses showed that women who had experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) were 2.60 times more likely to develop PDS, 2.58 times more likely to develop PAS, and 3.71 times more likely to have HSB. Childhood physical abuse (CPA) increased the risk of PAS (odds ratio [OR] = 2.51) and HSB (OR = 2.62), while childhood verbal abuse (CVA) increased PDS (OR = 1.92). Experiencing multiple abuses increased the risk of PDS (OR = 3.01), PAS (OR = 3.73), and HSB (OR = 13.73).Conclusions:Childhood sexual, physical, and verbal abuse, especially when they co-occur, have an impact on PDS and PAS and lifetime HSB. These findings suggest that pregnant women at risk for depression should also be screened for trauma as a risk factor for perinatal psychopathology

La depresión femenina vista desde la subjetividad de las mujeres Female depression viewed from women's subjectivity

El objetivo del trabajo fue explorar la manera en que la depresión femenina es conceptualizada, vivida y significada por las propias mujeres, a partir de la revisión de un material sobre el tema. Se utilizó la técnica de grupos focales para la presentación del texto, el cual versa sobre la depresión, sus causas y estrategias para enfrentarla. Participaron veintiséis mujeres divididas en cuatro grupos. El análisis de las transcripciones de audiograbaciones llevó a identificar cuatro categorías: vivencia de la depresión, historia infantil, condición social de la mujer y estrategias de enfrentamiento. La mayoría mencionó haber padecido episodios de depresión en su vida aunque no los había reconocido como tales. Se percatan de la influencia que tiene la socialización del papel femenino y los acontecimientos de la infancia en la depresión y utilizan diversas estrategias para enfrentarla. Las mujeres encontraron similitudes en sus vivencias a las descritas en el material y a partir de éste relataron sus propias experiencias de depresión. La depresión es un tema central en sus vidas y están ávidas de hablar de ésta.<br>The aim of the study was to explore the way in which depression in women is conceptualized, experienced, and given meaning from the perspective of the women themselves, based on a review of text material on the subject. The focus group technique was used to present the text, which deals with depression, its causes, and coping strategies. Twenty-seven women, divided into four groups, participated in the study. Analyses of the transcriptions of self-recordings led to the identification of four categories: the experience of depression, childhood experiences, the female social condition, and coping strategies. The majority mentioned having had bouts of depression in their lives, although they had not recognized them as such. They were aware of the role played by socialization of the female role and certain childhood events in the emergence of depression and used various strategies to cope with this. The women found similarities between the ways they perceived depression and the descriptions in the text, and shared their own experiences. Depression was reported as a central theme in their lives, and they were eager to talk about it