The TA Framework: Designing Real-time Teaching Augmentation for K-12 Classrooms

Recently, the HCI community has seen increased interest in the design of teaching augmentation (TA): tools that extend and complement teachers' pedagogical abilities during ongoing classroom activities. Examples of TA systems are emerging across multiple disciplines, taking various forms: e.g., ambient displays, wearables, or learning analytics dashboards. However, these diverse examples have not been analyzed together to derive more fundamental insights into the design of teaching augmentation. Addressing this opportunity, we broadly synthesize existing cases to propose the TA framework. Our framework specifies a rich design space in five dimensions, to support the design and analysis of teaching augmentation. We contextualize the framework using existing designs cases, to surface underlying design trade-offs: for example, balancing actionability of presented information with teachers' needs for professional autonomy, or balancing unobtrusiveness with informativeness in the design of TA systems. Applying the TA framework, we identify opportunities for future research and design.Comment: to be published in Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 17 pages, 10 figure

Modification of polyvinyl alcohol surface properties by ion implantation

We describe our investigations of the surface physicochemical properties of polyvinyl alcohol modified by silver, argon and carbon ion implantation to doses of 1 × 1014, 1 × 1015 and 1 × 1016 ion/cm2 and energies of 20 keV (for C and Ar) and 40 keV (for Ag). Infrared spectroscopy (IRS) indicates that destructive processes accompanied by chemical bond (CO) generation are induced by implantation, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates that the implanted silver is in a metallic Ag3d state without stable chemical bond formation with polymer chains. Ion implantation is found to affect the surface energy: the polar component increases while the dispersion part decreases with increasing implantation dose. Surface roughness is greater after ion implantation and the hydrophobicity increases with increasing dose, for all ion species. We find that ion implantation of Ag, Ar and C leads to a reduction in the polymer microhardness by a factor of five, while the surface electrical resistivity declines modestly

Modification of polyvinyl alcohol surface properties by ion implantation

We describe our investigations of the surface physicochemical properties of polyvinyl alcohol modified by silver, argon and carbon ion implantation to doses of 1 × 1014, 1 × 1015 and 1 × 1016 ion/cm2 and energies of 20 keV (for C and Ar) and 40 keV (for Ag). Infrared spectroscopy (IRS) indicates that destructive processes accompanied by chemical bond (CO) generation are induced by implantation, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates that the implanted silver is in a metallic Ag3d state without stable chemical bond formation with polymer chains. Ion implantation is found to affect the surface energy: the polar component increases while the dispersion part decreases with increasing implantation dose. Surface roughness is greater after ion implantation and the hydrophobicity increases with increasing dose, for all ion species. We find that ion implantation of Ag, Ar and C leads to a reduction in the polymer microhardness by a factor of five, while the surface electrical resistivity declines modestly

Effects of ion- and electron-beam treatment on surface physicochemical properties of polylactic acid

We describe our investigations of the surface physicochemical and mechanical properties of polylactic acid modified by silver, argon and carbon ion implantation to doses of 1 × 1014, 1 × 1015 and 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 at energies of 20 keV (for C and Ar) and 40 keV (for Ag), and by electron beam treatment with pulse-width of 100–300 μs in 50 μs increments at a beam energy 8 keV. Carbonyl bonds (CO) related IR peak was reduced after ion and electron beam irradiation. Molecular weight of PLA decreases twice and does not depend on the nature of the bombarding particles. The microhardness of treated samples decreases by a factor of 1.3, and the surface conductivity increases by 6 orders of magnitude after ion implantation, and increases only modestly after electron beam treatment. Atomic force microscopy shows that surface roughness increases with irradiation dose. Samples irradiated with Ag to a dose of 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 show the greatest roughness of 190 nm

Effects of ion- and electron-beam treatment on surface physicochemical properties of polylactic acid

We describe our investigations of the surface physicochemical and mechanical properties of polylactic acid modified by silver, argon and carbon ion implantation to doses of 1 × 1014, 1 × 1015 and 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 at energies of 20 keV (for C and Ar) and 40 keV (for Ag), and by electron beam treatment with pulse-width of 100–300 μs in 50 μs increments at a beam energy 8 keV. Carbonyl bonds (CO) related IR peak was reduced after ion and electron beam irradiation. Molecular weight of PLA decreases twice and does not depend on the nature of the bombarding particles. The microhardness of treated samples decreases by a factor of 1.3, and the surface conductivity increases by 6 orders of magnitude after ion implantation, and increases only modestly after electron beam treatment. Atomic force microscopy shows that surface roughness increases with irradiation dose. Samples irradiated with Ag to a dose of 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 show the greatest roughness of 190 nm

Effects of ion- and electron-beam treatment on surface physicochemical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene

The investigation of the surface physicochemical and mechanical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) modified by ion implantation and electron-beam treatment is described. Ion implantation was carried out at doses of 1 × 1014, 1 × 1015, and 1 × 1016 ion/cm2 at an ion acceleration voltage of 20 kV; electron beam processing was performed with pulse durations of 100, 200, and 300 μs, at an acceleration voltage of 8 kV. Elemental composition, wettability and surface energy, microhardness, surface resistivity, and wear-resistance were measured after beam processing. XPS-analysis reveals that both ion and electron energy deposition lead to chemical bonding of CF3, CF and CO, which take place due to degradation processes occurring in a surface layer. It was found that the greater the irradiation dose and pulse duration, the lower the contact angle and surface resistivity are and the greater the surface energy and microhardness are. In addition, ion implantation and electron-beam treatment result in an increase of the friction coefficient, and wear track reduction, indicating wear resistance improvement

Effects of ion- and electron-beam treatment on surface physicochemical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene

The investigation of the surface physicochemical and mechanical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) modified by ion implantation and electron-beam treatment is described. Ion implantation was carried out at doses of 1 × 1014, 1 × 1015, and 1 × 1016 ion/cm2 at an ion acceleration voltage of 20 kV; electron beam processing was performed with pulse durations of 100, 200, and 300 μs, at an acceleration voltage of 8 kV. Elemental composition, wettability and surface energy, microhardness, surface resistivity, and wear-resistance were measured after beam processing. XPS-analysis reveals that both ion and electron energy deposition lead to chemical bonding of CF3, CF and CO, which take place due to degradation processes occurring in a surface layer. It was found that the greater the irradiation dose and pulse duration, the lower the contact angle and surface resistivity are and the greater the surface energy and microhardness are. In addition, ion implantation and electron-beam treatment result in an increase of the friction coefficient, and wear track reduction, indicating wear resistance improvement