Dynamic behavior and microstructural properties of cancellous bone

The aim of the presented study is to identify some properties of the dynamic behavior of the cancellous bone and to identify the link between this mechanical behavior and the microstructural properties. 7 cylinders of bovine cancellous bone (diameter 41 mm, thickness 14 mm) were tested in quasi static loading (0.001 s-1), 8 in dynamic loading (1000 s-1) and 10 in dynamic loading (1500 s-1) with a confinement system. All the specimens were submitted to imaging before the tests (pQCT) in order to indentify two microstructural properties: Bone Volume / Total Volume ? BV/TV ? and Trabeculae Thickness ? Tb.Th. The behavior of bovine cancellous bone under compression exhibits a foam-type behavior over the whole range of strain rates explored in this study. The results show that for the quasi-static tests only the stresses are correlated with BV/TV. For the unconfined dynamic tests, the yield stress is correlated to BV/TV and the plateau stress to BV/TV and Tb.Th. For the confined tests, only the plateau stress is correlated to BV/TV and Tb.Th. The effect of strain rate is an increase of the yield stress and the plateau stress. The confinement has an effect on the measured values of compression stresses that confirms the importance of marrow flow in the overall behavior

Sled acceleration control for low speed impact testing and transient response studies

Whiplash Associated Disorder is the most common soft-tissue injury arising from low-speed car crashes (Siskind et al. 2013). To better understand whiplash injury mechanisms in the head-neck system, a sled was acquired. The sled was previously controlled in open loop mode, without any feedback of the resulting motion. The aim of this project is to safely control the motion and acceleration of the sled in order to be able to generate reproducible acceleration profiles.FSR (Fondation Sécurité Routière

Intermediate strain rate behavior of cancellous bone: From the lower to the higher strain rate

Not applicabl

Transient Response of the Head Kinematics - Influence of a Disturbed Visual Flow

Vision influences the controlled kinematics of human body. Previous studies have shown the influence of vision on head stabilization or whole posture. However, latencies between the stimuli and the head motion have never been quantified. The aim of this study is to quantify the influence of a perturbed vision on the head kinematics. Seven healthy volunteers without uncorrected vision (26.7±6.9 years old, 1 female, 2 right-handed/right-dominant eye, 5 right-handed/left-dominant eye) were studied. Visual stimuli were performed through an immersive personal 3D viewer (HMZ-T1, Sony), securely tied on the head. Motion analysis of the head and the torso were performed using the optoelectronic Vicon system (100Hz). Three markers were glued on the personal viewer, close to the nasion, left and right tragus, in order to create the head frame. Three markers were glued to create the torso frame (both acromia and C7). Two different 3D animated scenes were created on Blender and displayed at 24Hz. The first animation was a landscape with a ball rolling on the ground, and then the ball stopped before being virtually launched via a catapult toward the screen. Two velocities were programmed: 4.67 and 10.58 m.s-1. The second animation was a beach with sea and sky, where horizon tilted anticlockwise at 2 different constant rates: 0.24 deg.s-1 and 0.48 deg.s-1 with maximal amplitude of 8° and 16° respectively. The motion of the head relative to the torso was calculated for both scenes on seated and upright position, at the 2 different velocities, 2 times each, for a total of 16 random tests on each volunteer. For the launched ball animated scene, the reaction time seated was, as expected, shorter for the fast launches. For the beach animated scene, the head profiles followed most of the time the kinematic profile of the tilted animation, linearly or by steps, and not necessary until the end. Volunteers who were right-handed and right dominant eye tilted their head clockwise, at the inverse of the stimuli. Both experiments confirmed that visual stimulus could influence the kinematics of the head-neck system. In the ball animation, velocity of the stimulus does not seem to affect the amplitude of movement. In the beach animation, the head motions were variable, but performed at the same mean speed than the stimuli. Furthermore, the limited number of volunteer cannot conclude on the direction of rotation of the head, depending of the dominant hand and eye

Links between microstructural properties of cancellous bone and its mechanical response to different strain rates.

Not applicabl

Correlations between cancellous bone architecture and its dynamic behaviour

Previous studies showed that in vivo evaluation of the fracture risk of cancellous bone can be assessed by identifying the relationships between its microarchitecture description extracted from clinical imaging and its mechanical properties. The mechanical properties under dynamic loadings (with and without confinement) were obtained and compared to quasi-static ones. The architectural parameters of each specimen were extracted from pQCT images and split into four groups: geometry, topology, connectivity and anisotropy. Results show that architectural parameters are strong determinants of mechanical behaviour for the different applied boundary conditions.http://icills2014.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Marrianne-Prot.pd

Tensile response of the muscle-tendon complex using discrete element model

Tear of the muscle-tendon complex (MTC) is one of the main causes of sport injuries (De Labareyre et al. 2005). However, the mechanisms leading to such injury are still unclear (Uchiyama et al. 2011). Before modeling the tear of the MTC, its behavior in tensile test will be first studied. The MTC is a multi-scale, non isotropic and non continuous structure that is composed of numerous fascicles gathered together in a conjunctive sheath (epimysium). Many MTC models use the Finite Element Method (FEM) (Bosboom et al. 2001) to simulate MTC’s behavior as a hyperviscoelastic material. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) used for modeling composite materials (Iliescu et al. 2010) could be adapted to fibrous materials as the MTC. Compared to FEM, the DEM could allow to capture the complex behavior of a material with a simple discretization scheme in terms of concept and implementation as well as to understand the influence of fibers’ orientation on the MTC behavior. The aim of this study was to obtain the force/displacement relationship during a numerical tensile test of a pennate muscle model with DEM

Quantitative geometric analysis of rib, costal cartilage and sternum from childhood to teenagehood

Better understanding of the effects of growth on children’s bones and cartilage is necessary for clinical and biomechanical purposes. The aim of this study is to define the 3D geometry of children’s rib cages: including sternum, ribs and costal cartilage. Three-dimensional reconstructions of 960 ribs, 518 costal cartilages and 113 sternebrae were performed on thoracic CT-scans of 48 children, aged four months to 15 years. The geometry of the sternum was detailed and nine parameters were used to describe the ribs and rib cages. A "costal index" was defined as the ratio between cartilage length and whole rib length to evaluate the cartilage ratio for each rib level. For all children, the costal index decreased from rib level one to three and increased from level three to seven. For all levels, the cartilage accounted for 45 to 60% of the rib length, and was longer for the first years of life. The mean costal index decreased by 21% for subjects over three years old compared to those under three (p<10-4). The volume of the sternebrae was found to be highly age dependent. Such data could be useful to define the standard geometry of the paediatric thorax and help to detect clinical abnormalities.Grant from the ANR (SECUR_ENFANT 06_0385) and supported by the GDR 2610 “Biomécanique des chocs” (CNRS/INRETS/GIE PSA Renault

Séparateurs à Vaste Marge pondérés en norme l2 pour la sélection de variables en apprentissage d’ordonnancement

National audienceLearning to rank algorithms are dealing with a very large amount of features to automatically learn ranking functions, which leads to an increase of both the computational cost and the number of noisy redundant features. Feature selection is seen as a promising way to address these issues. In this paper, we propose new feature selection algorithms for learning to rank based on reweighted l2 SVM approaches. We investigate a l2-AROM algorithm to solve the l0 norm optimization problem and a generic l2-reweighted algorithm to approximate l0 et l1 norm SVM problems with l2 norm SVM. Experiments show that our algorithms are up to 10 times faster and use up to 7 times less features than state-of-the-art methods, without lowering the ranking performance.Les algorithmes d’apprentissage d’ordonnancement utilisent un très grand nombre de caractéristiques pour apprendre les fonctions d’ordonnancement, entraînant une augmentation des temps d’exécution et du nombre de caractéristiques redondantes ou bruitées. La sélection de variables est une méthode prometteuse pour résoudre ces enjeux. Dans cet article, nous pro- posons de nouvelles méthodes de sélection de variables en apprentissage d’ordonnancement basées sur des approches de pondération des SVM en norme l2. Nous proposons une adap- tation d’une méthode l2-AROM pour la résolution des SVM en norme l0 et un algorithme générique de pondération de la norme l2 qui résout les problèmes en norme l0 et l1. Nos ex- périmentations montrent que les méthodes proposées sont jusqu’à 7 fois plus rapides et 10 fois plus parcimonieuses que l’état de l’art, pour des qualités d’ordonnancement équivalentes

Évaluation de la pertinence dans les moteurs de recherche géoréférencés

National audienceLearning to rank documents on a search engine requires relevance judgments. We introduce the results of an innovating study on relevance modeling for local search engines. These search engines present search results on a map or as a list of maps. Each map contains all the attributes of a place (noun, address, phone number, etc). Most of these attributes are links users can click. We model the relevance as the weighted sum of all the clicks on a result. We obtain good results by fixing the same weight for each component of the model. We propose a relative order between clicks to determine the optimal weights.Optimiser le classement des résultats d’un moteur par un algorithme de learning to rank nécessite de connaître des jugements de pertinence entre requêtes et documents. Nous présentons les résultats d’une étude pilote sur la modélisation de la pertinence dans les moteurs de recherche géoréférencés. La particularité de ces moteurs est de présenter les résultats de recherche sous forme de carte géographique ou de liste de fiches. Ces fiches contiennent les caractéristiques du lieu (nom, adresse, téléphone, etc.) dont la plupart sont cliquables par l’utilisateur. Nous modélisons la pertinence comme la somme pondérée des clics sur le résultat. Nous montrons qu’équipondérer les différents éléments du modèle donne de bons résultats et qu’un ordre d’importance entre type de clics peut être déduit pour déterminer les pondérations optimales