Le caractère d'ordre public des dispositions de la Loi sur les normes du travail

Après avoir situe la Loi sur les normes du travail dans son contexte historique et dégage les règles d'interprétation applicables à une telle législation, l'auteur en analyse le caractère d'ordre public et la portée des dérogations autorisées par le législateur.The principle embodied in the Civil Code regarding the freedom to contract is conditioned, as far as the individual labour contract is concerned, by the existence of minimum standards enforced by the legislator. The role of these minimum standards is to avoid abuses which could cause imbalance between contracting parties. The observance of these labour standards is required of contracting parties and must be interpreted in a manner favourable to the wage earner. One way of guaranteeing their effectiveness is by declaring the standards of public interest.This study is subdivided into two parts. The first covers the circumstances surrounding the adoption of articles 93 and 94 of the «Act Respecting Labour Standards», which establish the nature of the public interest embodied in this legislation, while permitting certain exceptions. In the second part, the state of the jurisprudence concerning the application of these conditions is analyzed. The meaning and the extent of the exceptions permitted are also examined. The author also presents a jurisprudential and doctrinal argument concerning the application of articles 93 and 94, as regards particular cases of recourse created by this legislation. After explaining the various opinions surrounding this argument, the author's interpretations presented

A wave pipeline-based WCDMA multipath searcher for a high speed operation

The multiplexing technique of the Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) is widely applied in the third generation (3G) of cellular systems. The WCDMA uses scrambling codes to differentiate the mobile terminals. In a channel, multipaths may occur when the transmitted signal is reflected from objects in the receiver's environment, so that multiple copies of the signal arrive at the antenna at different moments. Thus, a wideband signal may suffer frequency selective fading due to the multipath propagations. A Rake receiver is often used to combine the energies received on different paths, and a multipath searcher is needed to identify the multipath components and their associated delays. Correlating some shifted versions of the scrambling code with an incoming signal results in energy peaks at the multipath locations, when the locally generated scrambling sequence is aligned with the scrambling sequence of the incoming signal. A path acquisition in such a process requires a speed of millions of Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) cycles per second. The performances of the multipath searcher are mainly determined by the resolution and the acquisition time, which are often limited by the operation speed of the hardware resources. This thesis presents the design of a multipath searcher with a high resolution and a short acquisition time. The design consists of two aspects. The first aspect is of the searching algorithm. It is based on a double-dwell algorithm and a verification stage is introduced to lower the rate of false alarms. The second aspect in the design is the circuit of the searcher. This circuit is expected to operate at the chip rate of 3.84 MHz and the search period is chosen to be equal to the time interval of 5 slots, which requires a high operation speed of the computation units employed in the circuit. Moreover, in order to reduce the circuit complexity, only one Complex Multiplier-Accumulator (CMAC), instead of several ones in many existing searcher circuits, is employed to perform all the computation tasks without extending the search period, which make the computation time in the circuit more critical. Aiming at this challenge of the high speed requirement, a structure of the CMAC cell is designed with the technique of the wave pipeline, which permits the signal propagation through the circuit stages without constraints of clocks. For a good use of this technique, the circuit blocks are made to have equalized delay, by means of pass transistor logic cells, and by keeping such a delay short, the total computation time of the CMAC can be made within the required time limit of the searching. A complete circuit of the CMAC has been developed. It has two versions, with the Normal Process Complementary Pass Logic (NPCPL) and the Complementary Pass-Logic Transmission-Gates (CPL-TG), respectively. The structures of the arithmetic units have been chosen carefully so that the fan-in/fan-out constraints of the NPCPL and the CPL-TG logics are taken into consideration. The results of the simulation with a 0.18 om models have shown that this wave pipelined CMAC can process four inputs of 8 bits at a rate of 830 Mb/s. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the searching algorithm, a Matlab simulation of the searcher circuit has been conducted. It has been observed that the proposed multipath searcher can lead to low probabilities of misdetection and false alarm for the test cases recommended by the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard. A test chip of the CMAC circuit has been fabricated in a CMOS 0.18 om technology process. The circuit is currently under test

Nubel, père de Sammac*, Firmus*, Gildon*, etc.

Des recherches récentes (Laporte, 2004 et à paraître) sur Nubel et sa famille ont écarté du dossier divers documents dont une inscription de Rusguniae (qui concerne un homonyme partiel et plus tardif), la dédicace dite du « col des Beni Aïcha » (sur laquelle le nom de Nubel n’était lu que par une restitution fort contestable), et enfin le mausolée de Blad Guitoun (plus tardif). Ceci a permis d’éliminer une bonne partie des hypothèses, notamment généalogiques, qui en découlaient. En revanche, ..

Négrine antique (Nigrenses Maiores, médiévale Qaytun Biyada)

Situés à 130 km à vol d’oiseau au sud de Tébessa, Négrine, Négrine el-Quedim (= « l’ancien ») et Besseriani sont trois sites très voisins dont le rôle et l’importance relative semblent avoir varié dans le temps, mais qui peuvent être considérés comme un ensemble unique. Tous trois se trouvent au débouché d’une trouée dans les Monts des Nemencha*, à leur charnière avec les plaines qui descendent au sud vers les chotts. Les oueds qui traversent les hauteurs ont creusé des vallées encaissées tra..

Gustave Hannezo (1857-1922) et l’archéologie tunisienne

In addition to his military professional duties, from soldier to officer, Gustave Hannezo (1857-1822), developed in Tunisia, from 1886 to 1909, a considerable archaeological activity, rich in excavations, epigraphic reports, and various artifacts, above all in Punic and Roman necropolises of Sousse, where was his main garrison. In the honor hall of his regiment, he installed a Museum, of which he gave in 1902 the catalog, joint with that of the museum of the city. He carried out shorter searches in Salakta, Mahdia, Hadjeb al-Aïoun, Lamta, Sfax, Bizerte, etc., but also during some garrisons in France and campaigns in Algeria. As he went along, he systematically pointed out interesting discoveries to the French Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques (CTHS). He continued after his retirement in France in 1909. Recalled to service since the declaration of war, 1914, August 2th, he monitored digging of trenches in northern France and found various ancient artifacts. Back in his Mâcon home in 1919, he went on publishing synthesis notes about Tunisian ancient cities, until his death in 1922. Many interesting facts could be gleaned in his notes and reports for Tunisian archeology.A côté de ses occupations professionnelles, un militaire de carrière sorti du rang, Gustave Hannezo (1857-1822) a développé en Tunisie, de 1886 à 1909, une activité archéologique considérable, riche de fouilles, de signalements épigraphiques, et d’objets divers, notamment dans les nécropoles puniques et romaines de Sousse, où se trouvait sa garnison principale. Dans la salle d’honneur de son régiment, il installa un Musée, dont il donna en 1902 le catalogue joint à celui du musée de la ville. Il fit des recherches de plus courte durée à Salakta, Mahdia, Hadjeb el-Aïoun, Lamta, Sfax, Bizerte, etc., mais aussi lors de garnisons en France et de campagnes en Algérie. Au fur et à mesure, il signalait systématiquement les parties intéressantes au Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques. Il continua après sa retraite en France en 1909. Rappelé au service dès la déclaration de guerre, le 2 août 1914, il n’oublia pas de surveiller le creusement des tranchées dans le nord de la France et y trouva divers objets antiques. De retour dans son foyer mâconnais en 1919, il continua à publier des notes de synthèse sur des villes tunisiennes, jusqu’à sa mort en 1922. Il reste beaucoup à glaner pour l’archéologie tunisienne dans ses notes et signalements