3,972 research outputs found
EMU@10: Coping with Rotating Slumps
On the eve of the financial and economic crisis of 2008/09, the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) could look back to a decade of remarkable macroeconomic stability. Somewhat surprisingly, though, inflation differentials across member states have been substantial and persistent, causing large cumulative changes in relative price levels. This paper presents a stylized theoretical model of a monetary union which demonstrates how persistent inflation differentials can arise from inflation inertia in conjunction with the loss of monetary control on the national level. The interaction of inflation and output dynamics which is at the core of the model generates a pattern of ârotating slumpsâ (a term coined by Blanchard 2007b). A number of implications are derived from the model which shed light on the observed behavior of cyclical conditions and inflation rates in the euro area. The paper concludes that the monetary-fiscal framework of EMU does not pay adequate attention to the need of dealing with internal macroeconomic tensions within the euro zone.EMU
On the Macroeconomics of European Divergence
Geldpolitik; Finanzpolitik; WÀhrungspolitik; Makroökonomik; Eurozone; EuropÀische Wirtschafts- und WÀhrungsunion
Not more than three tissue kallikreins identified from organs of the guinea pig
The large and varied multigene families of tissue kallikreins of rat and mouse are considered to selectively release as many bioactive peptides. In order to determine whether a similar family of enzymes is expressed in the organs of the guinea pig purification studies were performed. Tissue kallikreins from the submandibular gland, coagulating gland/prostate complex and the pancreas were separated by affinity chromatography on benzamidine-Sepharose. Amino-terminal sequences, the patterns of hydrolysis rates of a number of peptide p-nitroanilides, inactivation rates by active site-directed irreversible inhibitors, specific kininogenase activities and types of kinin released were used to probe the identity of the isolated enzymes. Guinea pig tissue kallikreins 1 and 2 have been reported previously. In the present study we have identified a third type, designated tissue kallikrein la because of its sequence similarity to kallikrein 1, which differs from the latter in the catalytic properties. The inferred occurrence of not more than two or three independent tissue kallikrein genes in the guinea pig contrasts with the varied family of enzymes expressed by the large number of such genes present in rats and mice. Expression in the guinea pig (and also in humans) of only a small number of tissue kallikreins makes specific processing of a multitude of biologically active peptides by such enzymes unlikely
Saving, Microinsurance: Why You Should Do Both or Nothing. A Behavioral Experiment on the Philippines
This paper analyzes data from a novel field experiment designed to test the impact of two different insurance products and a secret saving device on solidarity in risk-sharing groups among rural villagers in the Philippines. Risk is simulated by a lottery, risk-sharing is possible in solidarity groups of three and insurance is introduced via less risky lotteries. Our main hypothesis is that formal market-based products lead to lower transfers among network members. We also test for the persistence of this crowding-out of solidarity. We find evidence for a reduction of solidarity by insurance if shocks are observable. Depending on insurance design, there is also evidence for persistence of this effect even if insurance is removed. Simulations using our regression results show that the benefits of insurance are completely offset by the reduction in transfers. However, if secret saving is possible solidarity is very low in general and there is no crowding out effect of insurance. This suggests that introducing formal insurance is not as effective as it is hoped for when the monetary situation can be closely monitored, but that it might be a very important complement when savings inhibit observing financial resources. --
The impact of data security on firm value : how do stock markets react to data breach announcements?
Far too often, data security concerns are not taken as seriously as they should be. This
negligent behavior does not seldom result in data breaches with far reaching economic
consequences. This paper demonstrates that there is an observable decline in firm value
following a data breach announcement, applying an event study methodology to a sample of
366 firms being subject to data breaches between January 2013 to July 2018. Using a onefactor
and a three-factor model to estimate abnormal returns, firms experiencing a data breach
lost on average about 1.33 percent of equity over a three-day window around the event. For
different industries, deviations in the magnitude of negative market reactions are detected.
Various company and incident related variables, such as company size and number of
customer records exposed are deployed in regression analyses to account for cross-sectional
variations in abnormal returns. Profitability has a positive influence on the abnormal returns
obtained. Multiple breaches have a negative impact on the abnormal equity returns, however,
there is no significant difference in the severity when compared to single breaches. Other
factors, namely company size, leverage, magnitude of the breach and type of breach do not
have any statistically significant influence on the market reactions observed.Frequentemente, as preocupaçÔes em torno da segurança dos dados não são levadas tão a
sério quanto deveriam. Este comportamento negligente resulta, não raramente, em violaçÔes
de dados com consequĂȘncias econĂłmicas profundas. Este artigo demonstra um declĂnio
observĂĄvel no valor das empresas apĂłs o anĂșncio de uma violação de dados, aplicando uma
metodologia de estudo de eventos a uma amostra de 366 empresas sujeitas a violaçÔes de
dados entre janeiro de 2013 e julho de 2018. Utilizando um modelo de um fator e de trĂȘs
fatores para estimar retornos anormais, as empresas que sofreram violaçÔes de dados
perderam, em mĂ©dia, aproximadamente 1,33 por centro do patrimĂłnio lĂquido num perĂodo de
trĂȘs dias a contar do evento. Para diferentes indĂșstrias, sĂŁo detetados desvios na magnitude
das reaçÔes negativas ao mercado. Vårias variåveis relacionadas com a empresa e com
incidentes, tais como o tamanho da empresa e o nĂșmero de registos de clientes expostos sĂŁo
incorporadas em anålises de regressão para contabilizar as variaçÔes transversais nos retornos
anormais. A rentabilidade tem uma influĂȘncia positiva nos retornos anormais obtidos.
MĂșltiplas violaçÔes tĂȘm um impacto negativo nos retornos anormais do patrimĂłnio lĂquido,
no entanto, não hå diferenças significativas na gravidade quando comparadas com violaçÔes
individuais. Outros fatores, nomeadamente o tamanho da empresa, alavancagem, a magnitude
e o tipo de violação nĂŁo possuem qualquer influĂȘncia estatisticamente significativa nas
reaçÔes de mercado observadas
Hydrodynamics of bivalve offshore aquaculture
Without sustainable offshore aquaculture it is impossible to achieve food security
for coastal communities. Growing populations in coastal zones, amounting to
approximately 40% of the entire human population, exert high pressure on coastal
ecosystems and natural resources, and furthermore increase the need for
additional food sources. In coastal zones, marine-based nutrients offer great
potential to meet this demand. With sustainability in mind, extractive species like
mussels and oysters, which require no additional food, are becoming increasingly
more important. Therefore, researchers, industry representatives, and
policymakers alike are seeking to utilize offshore areas for shellfish aquaculture.
To successfully grow shellfish in offshore areas, it is vital to understand the
complex interaction of offshore aquaculture systems with waves and currents.
Modelling these interactions facilitates the development of aquaculture structures
that can withstand these high-energy environments. Therefore, the aim of this
thesis is to increase the understanding of the complex flow around offshore
shellfish aquaculture systems and their interaction with waves and currents. The
literature review reports on the hydromechanic drivers with a focus on the forces,
motion, and wave-structure interaction of bivalve aquaculture systems to lay a
sound basis for the analysis and interpretation of the results. From there, a lack of
information regarding the motions and forces of bivalve aquaculture components
in steady and oscillatory flow as well as a lack of guidance as to how the complex
surface of mussel dropper lines should be modelled is identified. To address these
gaps of knowledge, physical experiments with live blue mussels (Mytilus edulis),
substitute surrogate models, a newly designed aquaculture system, and naturally
floating islands were conducted. The results of these experiments, published in
four journal manuscripts, provide insights regarding the hydrodynamic
coefficients for mussel dropper lines and its influencing parameters. Furthermore,
the procedural design and creation as well as the hydrodynamic fit of a surrogate
structure are shown. Wave and current tests with the novel aquaculture system
and the comprehensive analysis of the hydrodynamic interaction of waves and
floating natural islands in a large-scale facility provide insights regarding the
motion and forces. Combined, the results enhance the understanding of the
hydrodynamic processes around bivalve offshore aquaculture structures
The Bright and Dark Side of Eudaimonic Emotions: A Conceptual Framework
Based on a review of eudaimonic emotion concepts, definitional and empirical overlaps between the concepts are identified and a framework of eudaimonic emotions is developed. The framework proposes that feelings of elevation, awe, tenderness, and being moved can be differentiated based on their feeling components, thus constituting the feeling-specific types of eudaimonic emotions. A variety of other emotion concepts rely on reference to their elicitors, such as moral elevation (i.e., being moved by moral virtue), aesthetic awe (i.e., being moved by beauty), kama muta (i.e., being moved by communal sharing) and admiration (i.e., being moved by achievements), thus constituting elicitor-specific types of eudaimonic emotions. Structuring eudaimonic emotions along these lines allows for integrating research on these emotions. This integration leads to the proposition of general eudaimonic effects and value-specific effects of positive eudaimonic emotions on behaviour. Considering these effects can enhance understanding of how positive eudaimonic emotions affect pro-social intentionsâthe bright side of being movedâas well as the manipulating effects of propagandaâthe dark side of being moved
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