35 research outputs found

    Mapping wildland-urban interfaces at large scales integrating housing density and vegetation aggregation for fire prevention in the South of France

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    Every year, more than 50,000 wildland fires affect about 500,000 ha of vegetation in southern European countries, particularly in wildland-urban interfaces (WUI). This paper presents a method to characterize and map WUIs at large scales and over large areas for wildland fire prevention in the South of France. Based on the combination of four types of building configuration and three classes of vegetation structure, 12 interface types were classified. Through spatial analysis, fire ignition density and burned area ratio were linked with the different types of WUI. Among WUI types, isolated WUIs with the lowest housing density represent the highest level of fire risk

    Land cover analysis in wildland-urban interfaces according to wildfire risk: a case study in the South of France

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    Each year, forest fires destroy about 500,000 ha of vegetation in Europe, predominantly in the Mediterranean region. Many large fires are linked to the land transformations that have taken place in the Mediterranean region in recent decades that have increased the risk of forest fires. On the one hand, agricultural fallows and orchards are slowly being colonized by vegetation, and on the other hand, the forest is not sufficiently used, both of which result in increased accumulation of fuel. In addition, urbanization combined with forest extension results in new spatial configurations called wildland-urban interfaces (WUI). WUI are commonly defined as areas where urban areas meet and interact with rural lands, wildland vegetation and forests. Spatial analyses were performed using a WUI typology based on two intertwined elements, the spatial organization of homes and the structure of fuel vegetation. The organisation of the land cover in terms of representativeness, complexity or road density was evaluated for each type of WUI. Results showed that there were significant differences between the types of WUI in the study area. Three indicators (i) fire ignition density, derived from the distribution of fire ignition points, (ii) wildfire density, derived from the distribution of wildfire area and (iii) burned area ratio, derived from the proportion of the burned area to the total study area were then compared with each type of WUI. Assuming that the three indicators correspond to important aspects of fire risk, we showed that, at least in the south of France, WUI are at high risk of wildfire, and that of the different types of wildland-urban interfaces, isolated and scattered WUI were the most at risk. Their main land cover characteristics, i.e. low housing and road densities but a high density of country roads, and the availability of burnable vegetation such as forested stands and shrubland (garrigue) explain the high fire risk. Improving our knowledge of relationships between WUI environments and fire risk should increase the efficiency of wildfire prevention: to this end, suitable prevention actions and communication campaigns targeting the types of WUI at the highest risk are recommended

    Mise au point d'une typologie de combustibles pour la Basse Provence calcaire

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    La typologie du combustible est un outil utilisé par les gestionnaires des milieux naturels soumis aux incendies dans de nombreux pays et massifs subissant ce risque. Cet outil permet d'intégrer le comportement du feu dans la gestion des milieux et dans la planification, à l'échelle d'un massif forestier. Ces typologies caractérisent la répartition verticale et horizontale de la végétation, ainsi que sa biomasse, éléments déterminants du comportement du feu, en milieu naturel. Le Cemagref d'Aix-en Provence, sur la base de prÚs de 150 descriptions de végétation situées en Basse Provence calcaire, a bùti une typologie des structures de végétation et a pu caractériser le comportement du feu, dans chacun des onze types de combustibles construits

    AmĂ©lioration de la connaissance des causes d'incendie de forĂȘt et mise en place d'une base de donnĂ©es gĂ©orĂ©fĂ©rencĂ©es

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    Dans le cadre du programme Forest Focus, le Cemagref d'Aix-en-Provence a rĂ©alisĂ© un guide technique intitulĂ© « AmĂ©lioration de la connaissance des causes de dĂ©part de feu de forĂȘt » et l'agence MTDA a dĂ©veloppĂ© le prototype d'un module de saisie et de cartographie interactive des incendies de forĂȘt. Cet article prĂ©sente la mĂ©thode d'investigation de recherche des causes de dĂ©part de feu adaptĂ©e au contexte mĂ©diterranĂ©en français ; un encadrĂ© concerne spĂ©cifiquement le module de saisie et de cartographie interactive permettant d'alimenter une base de donnĂ©es gĂ©orĂ©fĂ©rencĂ©es

    Living on a flammable planet: interdisciplinary, cross-scalar and varied cultural lessons, prospects and challenges: Table 1.

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    Living with fire is a challenge for human communities because they are influenced by socio-economic, political, ecological and climatic processes at various spatial and temporal scales. Over the course of 2 days, the authors discussed how communities could live with fire challenges at local, national and transnational scales. Exploiting our diverse, international and interdisciplinary expertise, we outline generalizable properties of fire-adaptive communities in varied settings where cultural knowledge of fire is rich and diverse. At the national scale, we discussed policy and management challenges for countries that have diminishing fire knowledge, but for whom global climate change will bring new fire problems. Finally, we assessed major fire challenges that transcend national political boundaries, including the health burden of smoke plumes and the climate consequences of wildfires. It is clear that to best address the broad range of fire problems, a holistic wildfire scholarship must develop common agreement in working terms and build across disciplines. We must also communicate our understanding of fire and its importance to the media, politicians and the general public. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’

    Housing Arrangement and Location Determine the Likelihood of Housing Loss Due to Wildfire

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    Surging wildfires across the globe are contributing to escalating residential losses and have major social, economic, and ecological consequences. The highest losses in the U.S. occur in southern California, where nearly 1000 homes per year have been destroyed by wildfires since 2000. Wildfire risk reduction efforts focus primarily on fuel reduction and, to a lesser degree, on house characteristics and homeowner responsibility. However, the extent to which land use planning could alleviate wildfire risk has been largely missing from the debate despite large numbers of homes being placed in the most hazardous parts of the landscape. Our goal was to examine how housing location and arrangement affects the likelihood that a home will be lost when a wildfire occurs. We developed an extensive geographic dataset of structure locations, including more than 5500 structures that were destroyed or damaged by wildfire since 2001, and identified the main contributors to property loss in two extensive, fire-prone regions in southern California. The arrangement and location of structures strongly affected their susceptibility to wildfire, with property loss most likely at low to intermediate structure densities and in areas with a history of frequent fire. Rates of structure loss were higher when structures were surrounded by wildland vegetation, but were generally higher in herbaceous fuel types than in higher fuel-volume woody types. Empirically based maps developed using housing pattern and location performed better in distinguishing hazardous from non-hazardous areas than maps based on fuel distribution. The strong importance of housing arrangement and location indicate that land use planning may be a critical tool for reducing fire risk, but it will require reliable delineations of the most hazardous locations

    CaractĂ©risation de la relation entre organisation spatiale d'un territoire et risque d'incendie : Le cas des interfaces habitat-forĂȘt du sud de la France

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    In recent decades, the expansion of the WUIs has significant implications for wildfire management. WUIs are defined as the area where structures and other human development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland. WUIs create an environment in which fire can move easily between structures and vegetation fuels and where fire frequently occurs due to human activity. Their expansion has thus increased the likelihood that wildfires will threaten structures and people. So as to broaden the information base upon which decisions are made regarding fire activities, the thesis developed method for mapping Wildland-Urban Interfaces at regional and local scales in the European Mediterranean context. It also developed a method for assessing and mapping fire risk in Wildland-Urban Interfaces through the calculation of a global fire risk index. The method is based on remote sensing and spatial analysis. After specifying accurate definition and typology of WUI, a method was developed in order that WUIs can be mapped on large areas and at local and regional scales. This is an easily reproducible method based on objective and quantitative criteria. It also includes different tools to map housing configuration (isolated, scattered, dense clustered and very dense clustered housing), and to map structure of vegetation (continuous vegetation, sparse vegetation, no vegetation). The WUI extension can so be quantified on the territory, it is also possible to measure their development within a territory dynamic. Their main characteristics (land cover, trends to fire ignition or to be burned ) can be defined. Then the goal consisting in mapping a global or total index of wildfire risk in the WUIs was achieved by: -Establishing relationships between WUI types and spatial distribution of fire ignition points and burned areas of past fires; -Identifying a wide variety of factors influencing fire risk on the territory and proposing a global index of wildfire risk in WUIs. Thanks to relationships established between WUIs and fire indicators calculated with past fire data (fire ignition density, wildfire density and burned area ratio), it was possible to point out specific WUIs which presented a high level of fire risk. And regarding these fire indicators, it allowed the development of an innovative approach for a total fire risk assessment in WUIs and its mapping. At the end the thesis assumed that both, the total index of fire risk and the intermediate relationships are useful for the managers of territorial planning, emergencies and forest fire prevention and fighting. The main objective was to help end-users such as land managers, foresters and fire-fighters to locate WUI on the territory with a view to develop specific actions for wildfires prevention according to WUI types, but also to create public awareness programs for inhabitants faced with wildfire risk, and to assess fire fighting difficulties due to urbanization. Wildland-urban interface is a location which is particularly appreciated by inhabitants to live in. Indeed living near or inside wildland, woodland areas, people strive for a specific quality of life near a natural environment. But in our Mediterranean context this lifestyle is not safe: people should always be aware of the existing fire risk in such WUI and should respect and apply efficient recommendations to insure against risky situations. Si in annexes, it also came with some recommendations to improve current and future life in the WUI and close to it by considering fire riskLes incendies de forĂȘt affectent de grandes surfaces et causent d'importants dommages qui peuvent avoir de lourdes consĂ©quences Ă©cologiques, sociales et Ă©conomiques. Plus de 50 000 feux brĂ»lent environ 500 000 hectares de vĂ©gĂ©tation chaque annĂ©e dans les pays du bassin mĂ©diterranĂ©en europĂ©en (JRC, 2006; Lampin-Maillet, 2008). Les interfaces habitat-forĂȘt sont directement concernĂ©es par ces incendies : 90% des dĂ©parts de feux sont liĂ©s Ă  l'activitĂ© humaine en Europe MĂ©diterranĂ©enne (Eufirelab, 2004), et chaque annĂ©e de nombreux morts sont Ă  dĂ©plorer Ă  cause de ces incendies de forĂȘt, notamment parmi les habitants des interfaces habitat-forĂȘt. Dans le contexte d'une forte pression d'urbanisation et d'une accumulation de biomasse combustible, les interfaces habitat-forĂȘt reprĂ©sentent une vĂ©ritable prĂ©occupation pour la gestion du risque d'incendie (Davis, 1990; Velez, 1997; Cohen, 2000), particuliĂšrement au regard des deux composantes du risque : l'alĂ©a en terme de dĂ©parts de feu causĂ©s par les activitĂ©s humaines, et la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©, en termes de surfaces brĂ»lĂ©es menaçant les zones habitĂ©es et aussi de dĂ©gĂąts sur les habitations (Hardy, 2005; Jappiot et al, 2009). La thĂšse, qui relĂšve des sciences de la gĂ©ographie et de la cyndinique, montre toute la pertinence de l'utilisation de l'objet gĂ©ographique « interface » dans le contexte de l'Ă©valuation du risque d'incendie. Cet objet « interface » a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ© dans la thĂšse au cas particulier de l'interface habitat-forĂȘt. AprĂšs avoir dĂ©fini, caractĂ©risĂ© et cartographiĂ© l'interface habitat-forĂȘt, la thĂšse a alors examinĂ© la valorisation possible de cette entrĂ©e par l'interface habitat-forĂȘt dans le cadre d'une dĂ©marche d'analyse spatiale et de cartographie du risque d'incendie sur le territoire. Ainsi l'interface habitat-forĂȘt a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©finie de façon prĂ©cise dans le contexte du risque d'incendie. Une typologie d'interfaces a Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă©e, fondĂ©e sur la combinaison de deux critĂšres jugĂ©s pertinents pour le risque d'incendie, traduisant des caractĂšres prĂ©gnants des milieux humain, avec la structure de l'habitat rĂ©sidentiel, et naturel, avec la structure de la vĂ©gĂ©tation. Les types d'habitat rĂ©sidentiel : habitat isolĂ©, diffus, groupĂ© dense et groupĂ© trĂšs dense ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©finis en posant des principes de distances entre bĂątis et de dĂ©nombrement des bĂątis. Ils ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©s en termes de densitĂ© de bĂątis, de surfaces Ă  dĂ©broussailler et de pĂ©rimĂštre Ă  dĂ©fendre. La structure de la vĂ©gĂ©tation a Ă©tĂ© traduite en termes de continuitĂ© horizontale avec un indice d'agrĂ©gation empruntĂ© Ă  l'Ă©cologie du paysage. L'indice est fondĂ© sur des cartes de vĂ©gĂ©tation, au format raster, d'une rĂ©solution maximale de 10 m avec un rayon de 20 m pour la fenĂȘtre de calcul. Un seuil Ă  95 % discrimine une agrĂ©gation faible (vĂ©gĂ©tation Ă©parse) d'une agrĂ©gation forte (vĂ©gĂ©tation continue). La mĂ©thode de caractĂ©risation et de cartographie des interfaces habitat-forĂȘt, dĂ©veloppĂ©e dans la thĂšse, est applicable sur de grandes surfaces et Ă  une grande Ă©chelle dans les dĂ©partements du sud de la France. Elle a permis pour la premiĂšre fois en France de quantifier l'importance des interfaces habitat-forĂȘt sur un territoire. Puis la carte des interfaces a contribuĂ© Ă  produire une nouvelle carte du territoire, alors compartimentĂ© en espaces dits « interfacĂ©s » (types d'interfaces habitat-forĂȘt), et en espaces dits « non interfacĂ©s » (espaces bĂątis hors interfaces et le reste du territoire). Une premiĂšre relation, forte, entre les types d'interface habitat-forĂȘt et l'importance des dĂ©parts de feu et des taux de surfaces brĂ»lĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©vidence. Une mĂ©thode d'Ă©valuation du risque d'incendie, innovante, a alors Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e dans la thĂšse. Elle s'appuie sur une analyse spatiale et statistique du territoire, fondĂ©e sur une nouvelle cartographie de types de territoire dĂ©duite de la cartographie des interfaces habitat-forĂȘt. L'analyse a consistĂ© Ă  croiser les types de territoire et les caractĂ©ristiques environnementales, topographiques et socio-Ă©conomiques avec l'historique des feux Ă  travers la distribution spatiale des dĂ©parts de feu, celle des surfaces brĂ»lĂ©es et la frĂ©quence de passage des incendies. Elle a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence l'importance de certaines variables pour leur contribution positive (interfaces habitat-forĂȘt en habitat isolĂ©, espaces naturels autres que forestiers, garrigue, exposition trĂšs chaudes, zones de vĂ©gĂ©tation Ă©parse, densitĂ© de chemins) ou nĂ©gative (interfaces habitat groupĂ© dense et trĂšs dense, densitĂ© de bĂątis et de routes, espaces urbains et agricoles, vĂ©gĂ©tation rĂ©sineuse) Ă  l'explication de trois indicateurs de risque dĂ©finis comme densitĂ© d'Ă©closion, densitĂ© d'incendie et taux de surfaces brĂ»lĂ©es. La modĂ©lisation de ces indicateurs a contribuĂ© Ă  la construction d'un indice global de risque et Ă  sa cartographie qui permet de dĂ©duire facilement, et de maniĂšre assez directe, l'information synthĂ©tique sur les niveaux de risque Ă  l'Ă©chelle du territoire. L'approche par les « interfaces habitat-forĂȘt », intrinsĂšquement porteuses de l'information synthĂ©tique alĂ©a/enjeux/vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©, a servi de clĂ© d'entrĂ©e pour une Ă©valuation directe et globale du risque, fondĂ©e sur l'observation et la description des territoires d'une part, et en particulier des interfaces habitat-forĂȘt, et sur une analyse spatiale et statistique de ces territoires. Elle permet Ă©galement de tirer des enseignements d'une meilleure connaissance du territoire et du risque d'incendie associĂ© en termes de prĂ©vention. Elle est particuliĂšrement bien adaptĂ©e Ă  la mise en Ă©vidence, quantifiĂ©e, d'une dynamique de territoire lu Ă  travers les interfaces habitat-forĂȘt. Cette dynamique de territoire peut alors ĂȘtre facilement associĂ©e Ă  une dynamique du risque dont l'Ă©tude est particuliĂšrement intĂ©ressante dans le contexte du changement global : dynamique de vĂ©gĂ©tation, dynamique d'urbanisation. Elle offre des perspectives encourageantes en matiĂšre de gĂ©ogouvernance et dĂ©veloppement durable dans le cadre d'une prĂ©vention contre le risque d'incendie toujours plus efficace et adaptĂ©e

    Une approche innovante de modĂ©lisation du risque d'incendie de forĂȘt : FondĂ©e sur la cartographie des interfaces habitat-forĂȘt, nouvelle clĂ© de lecture du territoire

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    National audienceA method to characterize and to map wildland-urban interfaces (WUI) is proposed in the context of wildfire risk. The WUI mapping on the territory allows new spatial configurations: inside WUI and outside WUI. Establishing relationships between WUI distribution and forest fire history (fire ignitions and burned areas) types of territory appear with high levels of risk: high fire ignition density values and high wildfire density and high burned area ratio. A model of a total fire risk index has also been developed.Une mĂ©thode de cartographie des interfaces habitat-forĂȘt est dĂ©veloppĂ©e dans le contexte du risque d'incendie de forĂȘt. La cartographie des interfaces habitat-forĂȘt sur le territoire qui en rĂ©sulte permet alors une nouvelle compartimentation du territoire : types de territoire interfacĂ©s et types situĂ©s en dehors des interfaces. En mettant en relation la distribution spatiale de ces types de territoire avec l'historique des incendies (dĂ©parts de feu et surfaces brĂ»lĂ©es), certains types d'espaces rĂ©vĂšlent de haut niveau de risque d'incendie avec une forte densitĂ© de dĂ©parts de feu, d'incendie et de taux de surfaces brĂ»lĂ©es. Une modĂ©lisation du risque d'incendie est proposĂ©e de façon globale

    Interfaces habitat-forĂȘt soumises au risque d'incendie de forĂȘt

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    National audiencePresentation of main results of Fire paradox concerning wildland-urban interfaces.PrĂ©sentation des travaux de Fire paradox relatifs aux interfaces habitat-forĂȘt

    GĂ©ographie des interfaces. Une nouvelle vision du territoire

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    National audienceAt a time of globalization, mobility and wide distribution, the connecting of geographical spaces of different natures becomes more and more frequent. It takes place by means of interfaces, new geographical object, the role of which is to insure mainly the exchange and regulation between different, continuous and connecting systems. These interfaces are, in avant-garde, the seat of the crises, the tensions, even the breaks between elements, with on one side people and their properties (vulnerability), and the other one the forest, the water, the climate, the natural events (fire, floods, storms), the disease... The society must be capable of adapting itself, of anticipating rather than of undergoing such events. It is the reason why a better knowledge of their functioning is imperative.À l'heure de la mondialisation, de la mobilitĂ© et de la diffusion, la mise en contact d'espaces gĂ©ographiques de natures diffĂ©rentes devient de plus en plus frĂ©quente. Elle s'opĂšre par le biais d'interfaces, objet gĂ©ographique nouveau, dont le rĂŽle est d'assurer principalement l'Ă©change, la rĂ©gulation entre des systĂšmes distincts et contigus alors mis en contact. Ces interfaces sont, en avant-garde, le siĂšge des crises, des tensions, voire des ruptures entre les Ă©lĂ©ments, avec d'un cĂŽtĂ© les hommes et leurs biens (vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©), et de l'autre la forĂȘt, l'eau, le climat, les Ă©vĂ©nements naturels (incendie,inondations, tempĂȘtes), la maladie... Face Ă  ce constat, la sociĂ©tĂ© doit ĂȘtre capable de s'adapter, d'anticiper plutĂŽt que subir les Ă©vĂ©nements qui l'entourent. C'est la raison pour laquelle, une meilleure connaissance de leur fonctionnement s'impose
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