Nouveaux copolymères à activité antitumorale, antimetastasique et antiangiogène (réponse cellulaire in vitro)

Les travaux de recherche développés au LBPS dans l'équipe "Biomatériaux polymères" ont permis de synthétiser de nombreux copolymères bioactifs fonctionnalisés par des groupements carboxylate (COO-) et sulfonate (SO3-), solubles ou insolubles en milieu physiologique selon le choix des monomères utilisés pour la synthèse et selon les applications auxquelles ils sont destinés. Les copolymères d acide méthacrylique (AM) et de styrène sulfonate de sodium (SSNa) sont solubles en milieu physiologique. Ils présentent une forte activité inhibitrice de la prolifération de cellules épithéliales hormono-dépendantes de cancer de sein (lignée MCF-7) mais aussi de cellules de cancer du sein à pouvoir métastasique (MDA-MB231) in vitro. Ces polymères présentent en outre, un effet anti-angiogène significatif vis à vis des cellules endothéliales de la veine du cordon ombilical humain (HUVEC). Les objectifs principaux de l étude ont été de mettre en évidence et d établir les mécanismes d action de ces polymères sur deux modèles cellulaires tumoraux et endothéliaux. Nous avons montré que : les activités inhibitrices de la prolifération des cellules tumorales et de l angiogénèse de ces polymères sont dépendantes de leur composition en groupements COO- SO3-. En présence des polymères bioactifs: la morphologie cellulaire des modèles cellulaires étudiés - MCF-7, MDA-MB231 et HUVEC - est sensiblement modifiée : les cellules adoptent une forme sphérique et/ou se regroupent en amas. Les polymères induisent une inhibition importante de l étalement cellulaire puisque l indice d étalement est diminué de 80% par comparaison à l indice témoin en absence de polymère. La prolifération des cellules est très fortement inhibée : l inhibition atteint 80% et 85% respectivement pour les cellules MCF-7 les cellules MDA-MB231 et 100% pour les cellules HUVEC. Cela se traduit par un arrêt du cycle cellulaire dans la phase G0/G1 avec une disparition de la phase de synthèse de l ADN et par l induction de l apoptose. La migration cellulaire spontanée est inhibée : la préincubation des cellules avec les polymères induit jusqu à 80% d inhibition de la migration des cellules HUVECs in vitro. La migration et l invasion des cellules à pouvoir métastasique MDA-MB231 à travers le Matrigel est fortement inhibée in vitro (~90%). Le niveau d expression des ARNm de récepteurs membranaires à activité tyrosine kinase impliqués dans le phénomène de l angiogenèse (VEGF-R 2) est ralentie pour les cellules HUVECs incubées en présence de 60nM de polymères. En conclusion, les polymères bioactifs synthétisés au LBPS sont capables d inhiber in vitro la prolifération de cellules tumorales MCF7 et MBA-MB231 et endothéliales. Les mécanismes d action de ces polymères sont l induction d une diminution de l expression des récepteurs de facteurs de croissance de type 2 à activité kinase (VEGFR2) qui modifie les diverses voies de signalisation intracellulaire : prolifération, migration et survie cellulaire. Le contact des polymères bioactifs avec les cellules conduit à un contrôle négatif de la voie activée par les récepteurs tyrosines kinases en faisant intervenir la voie des MAPK (Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase) pour les cellules HUVEC. Le mécanisme d action est différent dans le cas des cellules de cancer du sein car il semble intervenir par une désactivation de la signalisation de la voie des FAK (focal adhesion kinase) médiée par les intégrines.L inhibition de l angiogenèse et de la croissance tumorale misent en évidence in vitro, nous conduisent à envisager l étude du mode d action de ces polymères sur l angiogenèse tumorale in vivo sur un modèle murin.The main topic of research works developed at the Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Polymères de Spécialité (LBPS) is devoted to the macromolecular synthesis of various bioactive copolymers functionalized by carboxylate (COO-) and/or sulphonate (SO3-) groups. Depending on the choice of the monomers and of the final application, these copolymers can be soluble or insoluble in physiological medium. Copolymers of methacrylic acid (AM) and sodium styrene sulphonate (SSNa) are soluble in physiologic medium. In vitro, they present a strong inhibiting activity of the cell proliferation of hormono-dependent breast cancer epithelial cells (MCF-7) as well as metastatic cells (MDA-MB231). Moreover, these polymers exhibit a significant anti-angiogenic effect towards endothelial cells from Human Umbilical Vein (HUVECs). The aim of this study was to unserstand and clear up the mechanisms of the exhibited inhibiting activity of these polymers towards tumoral and endothelial cells. Results showed that: the inhibiting activity of the polymers on cell proliferation of tumoral and endothelial cells varied according to their COO- and SO3- groups composition.In the presence of the bioactive polymers: cell morphology of MCF-7, MDA-MB231 and HUVEC was sensitively modified: cells adopted a spherical shape and/or were gathered in clusters. Polymers induced an important inhibition of cell spreading. The cells spreading area was decreased by 80% as compared to the control. Cell proliferation was strongly inhibited: inhibition reached 80% and 85% respectively for MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cell lines and 100% for HUVECs. These results could be explained by the fact that this inhibition was induced by the accumulation of the cell population in phase G0/G1 of the cell cycle, a disappearance of the DNA synthesis and by apoptosis. Cell migration was also inhibited: up to 80% inhibition of the HUVECs migration. Cell migration and invasion of MDA-MB231 cells through Matrigel were strongly inhibited in vitro (~90%). The level of mRNA expression of tyrosin kinase activity receptor (VEGF-R 2), which is mostly involved in the angiogenesis process, was slowed down in the HUVECs treated with bioactive polymer at 60nM. In conclusion, the bioactive polymers synthesized at the LBPS are able to in vitro inhibit the proliferation of MCF7 and MDA-MB231 tumour cells and of endothelial cells (HUVEC). The mechanisms of the polymers activity towards HUVECs was suggested to occur by the reduction of the expression of the growth factor receptor VEGFR2 which was modified the different intracellular pathways: cell proliferation, migration and survival. The contact between bioactive polymers and cells led to a negative control of the MAPK (Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase) pathway activated by the tyrosin kinase receptors of HUVECs. The mechanism of activity of the bioactive polymers was evidenced to be different in the breast cancer cell line because it seemed to involve a deactivation of the FAK (focal adhesion kinase) pathway mediated by integrins. Considering the in vitro inhibition of the angiogenesis and of the tumour growth, it is scheduled to study the action of these polymers on the tumour angiogenesis in an in vivo murine model.PARIS13-BU Sciences (930792102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Chemical Composition and Allelopathic Potential of Essential Oils from Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze Cultivated in Tunisia

In Tunisia, Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze is an exotic tree, which was introduced many years ago and planted as ornamental street, garden, and park tree. The present work reported, for the first time, the chemical composition and evaluates the allelopathic effect of the hydrodistilled essential oils of the different parts of this tree, viz., roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and pods gathered in the area of Sousse, a coastal region, in the East of Tunisia. In total, 86 compounds representing 89.9 - 94.9% of the whole oil composition, were identified in these oils by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. The root essential oil was clearly distinguished for its high content in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (β-caryophyllene, 1 (44); 24.1% and germacrene D, 2 (53); 20.0%), while those obtained from pods, leaves, stems, and flowers were dominated by non-terpene hydrocarbons. The most important ones were n-tetradecane (41, 16.3%, pod oil), 1,7-dimethylnaphthalene (43, 15.6%, leaf oil), and n-octadecane (77, 13.1%, stem oil). The leaf oil was rich in the apocarotene (E)-β-ionone (4 (54); 33.8%), and the oil obtained from flowers was characterized by hexahydrofarnesylacetone (5 (81); 19.9%) and methyl hexadecanoate (83, 10.2%). Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses separated the five essential oils into three groups and two subgroups, each characterized by the major oil constituents. Contact tests showed that the germination of lettuce seeds was totally inhibited by the root essential oil tested at 1 mg/ml. The inhibitory effect on the shoot and root elongation varied from -1.6% to -32.4%, and from -2.5% to -64.4%, respectively

Lymphoid Gene Upregulation on Circulating Progenitors Participates in Their T-Lineage Commitment

International audienceExtrathymic T cell precursors can be detected in many tissues and represent an immediately competent population for rapid T cell reconstitution in the event of immunodeficiencies. Blood T cell progenitors have been detected, but their source in the bone marrow (BM) remains unclear. Prospective purification of BM-resident and circulating progenitors, together with RT-PCR single-cell analysis, was used to evaluate and compare multipotent progenitors (MPPs) and common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs). Molecular analysis of circulating progenitors in comparison with BM-resident progenitors revealed that CCR9+ progenitors are more abundant in the blood than CCR7+ progenitors. Second, although Flt3− CLPs are less common in the BM, they are abundant in the blood and have reduced Cd25+-expressing cells and downregulated c-Kit and IL-7Rα intensities. Third, in contrast, stage 3 MPP (MPP3) cells, the unique circulating MPP subset, have upregulated Il7r, Gata3, and Notch1 in comparison with BM-resident counterparts. Evaluation of the populations’ respective abilities to generate splenic T cell precursors (Lin−Thy1.2+CD25+IL7Rα+) after grafting recipient nude mice revealed that MPP3 cells were the most effective subset (relative to CLPs). Although several lymphoid genes are expressed by MPP3 cells and Flt3− CLPs, the latter only give rise to B cells in the spleen, and Notch1 expression level is not modulated in the blood, as for MPP3 cells. We conclude that CLPs have reached the point where they cannot be a Notch1 target, a limiting condition on the path to T cell engagement

Evaluation of committed progenitors: all values were obtained from figures within thymic (TN) or committed (Com) progenitors.

<p>Evaluation of committed progenitors: all values were obtained from figures within thymic (TN) or committed (Com) progenitors.</p

Differentiation potential of TN populations. A

<p>. Individual thymocytes were cultured with the OP9-DL4 cell line and sampled at different time points after plating. The depicted results are from 14-day cultures, since the T cell phenotype did not change after that time point. Plating efficiency: the percentage of plated wells in which progeny were detected; % T cells: the percentage of positive wells containing T cells. Bipotent, TCRαβ⁺-restricted and TCRγδ⁺-restricted cells were identified according to the dot plots shown below. <b>Please note</b>: in positive wells in which T cells were not detected, the average clone size was 100 cells/well; in both bipotent and TCR-αβ−only cultures, clone sizes averaged 2×10⁵ cells/well; in γδ−only cultures, average clone sizes were 5×10⁴ cells/well. Results are pooled from three independent experiments, each of which gave equivalent results. <b>B</b> Expression of different components of the pre-TCR in TN populations. <i>TRB</i> locus DJ rearrangements. <b>C</b>. <i>Rag1</i>, <i>CD3ε</i> and <i>pT</i>α expression in individual cells. Upper graphs show expression frequencies determined in 80 individual cells. Lower graphs show the number of mRNA molecules expressed by each individual cell studied (n = 40 cells). Each positive cell is represented by a dot, negative cells are not shown and bars represent mean expression values. Statistical analyses were performed as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0073098#pone-0073098-g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. <b>D</b>. Intracellular TCRβ and CD3ε expression in different TN subsets in one representative experiment of four independent experiments with equivalent results.</p

Gene expression in TN3a and TN3b populations. A

<p>. TN3a and TN3b populations were sorted as single cells and tested for the expression of each gene. Upper graphs show expression frequencies (determined in 80 individual cells). Lower graphs show the number of mRNA molecules expressed by each individual cell studied (n = 40 cells), depicted as described in Fig. 1. <b>B</b>. Gene co-expression patterns in individual TN4 cells. Each horizontal row corresponds to the same (numbered) cell. Each column shows the expression of a different gene, with the number of mRNA molecules/cell represented according to the adjacent color log scale. Empty symbols represent cells not expressing that particular mRNA (i.e. fewer than two mRNA molecules per cell). The black symbol corresponds to a positive cell in which quantification was not performed.</p

Single-cell quantitative gene expression profiling.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Overall strategy. (<b>B</b>) Validation of the primer pairs used to quantify gene expression. Graphs show triplicates of independent qRT-PCRs for each gene. Upper graphs: amplifications in which all genes were reverse-transcribed and amplified together in the first RT-PCR. Lower graphs: amplifications in which each gene was reverse-transcribed and amplified separately in the first RT-PCR. The histograms compare PCR efficiency in the two conditions. (<b>C</b>) Examples of differences between population-based readouts and single-cell readouts. A mature monoclonal CD8 T cell population was sorted and tested on the same day for expression of two different genes (genes a and b). Upper graphs: cells were sorted at 100 cells/well, in order to mimic population studies in which only average gene expression can be evaluated. The results demonstrate that amplifications of genes a and b have the same efficiency and that both genes are expressed to the same extent. On the basis of this data, one would conclude that the two genes are similarly expressed in this cell population. Lower graphs: each well received a single cell that was tested for the expression of genes a and b. In contrast to the population studies, these single-cell studies reveal that the respective expression levels of genes a and b genes are very different: gene b is expressed at low levels by all cells and gene a is expressed at high levels by only 10% of the cells.</p

Transcription factor interactions during T cell commitment

<p>. <b>(A, B).</b> CD45.2⁺ 15-day fetal liver cells from <i>Gata3⁺/+</i> (left) <i>Gata3⁻/−</i> (middle) and <i>Gata3⁺/−</i> (right) mice were injected into sublethally irradiated CD45.1 mice. The CD45.2⁺ cells present in the thymus one month later were studied. (<b>A</b>) the phenotype of TN thymocytes. Upper graphs show CD44/CD25 profiles and lower graphs show c-Kit expression in gated CD44⁺ cells. (<b>B</b>) <i>Notch1</i> expression in TN1 cells from these chimeras. (<b>C</b>–<b>E</b>) Expression of different TFs during T cell commitment. B–E: Upper graphs depict expression frequencies (the proportion of positive cells) and lower grafts show the mRNA expression level in each individual cell (represented by a dot) from three independent experiments. Expression-negative cells and cells expressing fewer than 10 mRNAs/cell are not shown. Bars represent mean expression levels. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test for expression frequencies and a Mann-Whitney rank sum test for expression levels. Asterisks correspond to a comparison of the population of interest with the population in the previous transition stage: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001. <b>F.</b> The co-expression of the different genes was studied in forty individual cells. Each dot represents an individual cell, plotted simultaneously for the number of <i>Pu1</i> mRNA molecules on the X axis and the number of mRNA molecules coded as either Notch1 (upper graph) or Bc11B on the Y axis (lower graph). The correlation between the respective expressions of each pair of genes was studied in a Goodman-Kruskal gamma test, which assesses the correlation's significance (via a p-value) and nature (via the gamma coefficient, which is negative for a negative correlation and positive for a positive correlation). A polynomial trend curve is shown for each correlation.</p

Single-cell analysis of thymocyte differentiation: identification of transcription factor interactions and a major stochastic component in αβ\alpha\beta-lineage commitment.

International audienceT cell commitment and $\alpha\beta$/$\gamma\delta$ lineage specification in the thymus involves interactions between many different genes. Characterization of these interactions thus requires a multiparameter analysis of individual thymocytes. We developed two efficient single-cell methods: (i) the quantitative evaluation of the co-expression levels of nine different genes, with a plating efficiency of 99-100% and a detection limit of 2 mRNA molecules/cell; and (ii) single-cell differentiation cultures, in the presence of OP9 cells transfected with the thymus Notch1 ligand DeltaL4. We show that during T cell commitment, Gata3 has a fundamental, dose-dependent role in maintaining Notch1 expression, with thymocytes becoming T-cell-committed when they co-express Notch1, Gata3 and Bc11b. Of the transcription factor expression patterns studied here, only that of Bcl11b was suggestive of a role in Pu1 down-regulation. Individual thymocytes became $\alpha\beta$$\gamma\delta$-lineage-committed at very different stages (from the TN2a stage onwards). However, 20% of TN3 cells are not $\alpha\beta$/$\gamma\delta$ lineage committed and TN4 cells comprise two main subpopulations with different degrees of maturity. The existence of a correlation between differentiation potential and expression of the pre-TCR showed that 83% of $\alpha\beta$-committed cells do not express the pre-TCR and revealed a major stochastic component in $\alpha\beta$-lineage specification