3000 steps in 30 minutes, five days per week yields metabolic improvements compared to 150 weekly minutes

The physical activity recommendation for U.S. adults is to engage in moderate-intensity exercise for at least 150 minutes per week. Pedometers have gained popularity as a tool for motivating and estimating daily physical activity. Recently it was suggested 3000 steps in 30 minutes may be equivalent to moderate-intensity walking. To date, this recommendation has yet to be examined over an extended period of time. PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, blood lipids, blood glucose, and CRP from 150 minutes of free living weekly exercise compared to pedometer measured 3000 steps in 30 minutes, five days per week. METHODS: Subjects were randomly divided into two interventions (free living and pedometer) for 12 weeks. A free living (FL) group (n=12) accumulated 150 minutes moderate-intensity physical activity per week. A pedometer (P) group (n=13) attended three 30-min supervised walking sessions and walked two 30-min sessions independently. Metabolic variables were measured pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS: Twenty-five subjects began the study and nineteen FL (n=8) and P (n=11) subjects completed the study. Adherence was 77.9% and 85.2% in FL and P groups, respectively. SBP (-8.24 ± 11.3; p \u3c 0.05) and glucose (-7.2 ±11.8mg/dl; p \u3c 0.05) were significantly lower in P pre/post. Mean changes in CRP (-1.6 mg/dl, p = 0.11), LM (0.14 kg, p = 0.19), and VO2max (1.6 mg/kg/min, p = 0.2) approached significance in P only. In contrast, FL pre/post measurements did not significantly differ in any parameter. HR, BP, GLU, LM, and BMD improved in both groups. CRP and VO2max improved in P only. CONCLUSION: Evidence suggests the general recommendation of 150 minutes per week does not successfully improve metabolic variables or promote adherence. Additionally, there is a dose response to 3000 steps in 30 minutes on metabolic variables compared with 150 minutes per week. This gives a practical application for the use of pedometers and metronomes to monitor intensity and motivate adherence. Further, results indicate walking 3000 steps in 30 minutes is an appropriate proxy for meeting the 150 minutes per week recommendation

The Big Black Box of Indian Country: The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Federal-Indian Relationship

The nature of the relationship between the US government and American Indians is, of course, one of the big questions structuring federal tribal relations. Anthropological constructions of the federal- tribal relationship undergird nearly all contemporary ethnographies of American Indians, including the author's ethnography about the Choctaw Nation. Many of these works, including hers, characterize this relationship in remarkably simplistic ways, cleaving to a fundamental narrative that powerfully and persuasively constructs the relationship between the US government and American Indians as oppositional and hostile. The story of the Choctaw Nation, for example, is a story in which the US government forcibly relocated Choctaws to what was then Indian Territory on the Trail of Tears; passed allotment legislation and later termination legislation oriented toward ending our tribe's existence as a sovereign nation; and worked to wrest ownership and control of Choctaw water from the tribe during the late twentieth century instead of, as the federal Indian trust responsibility mandates, protecting their tribal water rights

Negotiating American Indian inclusion: Sovereignty, same-sex marriage, and sexual minorities in Indian country

On April 17, 2013, two intertwined, symbolic actions occurred in the New Zealand Parliament. In a vote of 77 to 44, this nation became the thirteenth country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage. When it became clear that the bill had passed, lawmakers and spectators broke into song, specifically a Maori song, “Pokarekare Ana,” sung in the Maori language. As an American and an enrolled member of the Choctaw Nation, I felt a mix of emotions at the time, including happiness for New Zealand and sorrow for Americans and American Indians. In the United States, a comparable victory for what some activists have termed “marriage equality” was not achieved until June 26, 2015, more than two years after New Zealand’s passage of the bill and more than fourteen years after the Netherlands became the first country to legalize same-sex marriage. Moreover, as far as I am aware, no American Indian even speculated that a Native-authored song would be sung in a Native language in court when the decision was announced. And indeed, no such song was heard issuing from the US Supreme Court building on that historic day

Rethinking American Indian and Non-Indian Relations in the United States and Exploring Tribal Sovereignty: Perspectives from Indian Country and from Inside the Bureau of Indian Affairs

This article uses materials from field research conducted at the level of tribal homelands and at the federal level of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to rethink and reconceptualize Indian–non-Indian relations and federal–Indian relations in the United States. I document the ways Chickasaw and Choctaw tribal officials are moving beyond the “deadliest enemies” model of Indian–non-Indian relations in tribal homelands in their pursuit of strategies that expand the role of tribal governments, mobilize support from local non-Indians for American Indian tribal empowerment and resurgence, and institutionalize a reordered regional political hierarchy. Cultural constructions of tribal sovereignty undergird these strategies and the transformations that are unfolding in the territories of the American Indian tribe in which I am enrolled and its neighbor tribe. Turning to a second site of participant-observation field research, I document the ways a different but related construction of tribal sovereignty drives the work of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, an agency whose workforce is more than 95 percent American Indian. Federal–Indian relations are shown to take shape through systematic responses to bureaucratic imperatives, the circulation of legal and popular constructions of Indian identity, and the resistance to segregation of the categories of “federal” and “Indian” in federal–Indian affairs

Implanting Loop Recorders in a Hospital Unit versus the Electrophysiology Laboratory: A Retrospective Chart Review

Introduction: Cardiac arrhythmias and unexplained syncopal episodes remain a challenge for clinicians to diagnose. The recent creation of the smallest Implantable Loop Recorder (ILR) assists in identifying the causes behind cardiac and neurological events. The current study aimed to compare the practice of implanting loop recorders at the bedside in the Cardiac and Vascular Care Unit (CVCU) to implantations in the Electrophysiology Laboratory (EP Lab). Methods: This study was a retrospective review of electronic medical records. Data abstraction included implantation dates, time of admission and discharge, length of stay (LOS), number of healthcare staff involved, and cost of the procedure. Results: Over ten months, 63 ILRs were implanted in the EP Lab and 131 ILRs at the bedside. Patients LOS, on average, in the EP Lab was five hours versus four hours at the bedside. Five staff were required to implant the ILR in the EP Lab, and two at the bedside. Based on 63 cases in the EP Lab, the hospital generated revenue of $395,640, whereas the 131 cases at the bedside generated revenue of$822,680. This resulted in an increase in revenue of $427,040. Discussion: A higher number of procedures were done at the bedside leading to a decreased average length of stay, number of staff involved, cost of the procedure, and a reduction in waiting time for patient admission and discharge

Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Metabolic Profiling to Distinguish Herds of Bighorn Sheep

The objective of this study was to determine if nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolic profiling has the potential to serve as a management tool for evaluating herds of bighorn (Ovis canadensis) sheep. Two-hundred and forty bighorn sheep serum samples from 13 herds located in Montana and Wyoming were processed for NMR spectra, profiled for small molecule metabolites using Chenomx®, and then analyzed with MetaboAnalyst (v3.0). Fifty-six small molecule metabolites were identified in ungulate serum.  To determine if NMR metabolic profiles can distinguish herds that are geographically distinct with access to different nutritional resources, herds collected in December were compared to herds collected in March. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) indicated a clear, majority separation of metabolic shifts with minor overlaps. Biomarker analysis identified 15 potential biomarkers from the compounds with variables of importance (VIP) scores greater than 1.0. These molecules enabled us to identify ‘significantly’ important metabolic pathways that discriminate herds sampled in December and herds sampled in March. Key biomarkers resulting from the pathway analysis, included: 2-oxoisocaproate, choline, tyrosine, creatinine, and trimethylamine n-oxide. To determine if metabolic profiling can distinguish individual herds within a month, herds in December, January and March were compared to a domestic, Rambouillet ewes (control) sampled during the sample months.  PLS-DA of all herds showed clear metabolic shifts and complete separation between each individual herd and the control ewes for each month. Potential biomarkers for herds within a season that were found to be good discriminants for the December herds included: trimethylamine n-oxide and sarcosine; for January herds included: creatinine and asparagine; and, for March herd included, creatinine. Through identification of small molecule metabolites, it is possible to discriminate herds from each other within and between seasons. These biomarkers represent a potential panel of metabolites that may be used for assessing nutritional status, environmental stress, and herd health through the identification of significantly important metabolic pathways related to energy and protein balance

Making Space : Key Popular Women Writers Then and Now

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