Genetic and phenotypic trends for growth traits of buffaloes in Brazil

The objectives this paper were to estimate genetic parameters and genetic and phenotypic trends of birth weight (BWT) and weights adjusted to 205 (WT205), 365 (WT365) and 550 (P550) days of age of beef buffaloes born from 1985 to 2003 in Brazil. For BWT and WT205 the model included direct and maternal genetic and maternal environment as random effects and contemporary and genetic groups as fixed effects. For WT365 and WT550 the same model was used except without direct maternal and maternal environmental effects. The genetic and phenotypic trends were estimated by regression of means of dependent variables on birth year of animals. Regressions were obtained by using two methodologies: 1) linear regression; and 2) non-parametric splined regression. The direct heritability estimates were 0.09, 0.45, 0.46 and 0.58 for BWT, WT205, WT365 and WT550, respectively. The direct genetic trends from linear regression were 0.01, 0.23, 0.58 and 1.40 kg per year for PN, WT205, WT365 and WT550, respectively (P<0.001 for all). Phenotypic trends were strongly positive while genetic trends were consistently positive but small. Genetic parameters indicate potential for increased rate of genetic change with full implementation of genetic improvement programs

Parturition intervals and distributions of parturitions by months of buffalo in Southern and South-eastern Brazil

Reproductive rate is an important component of economic success in livestock production. Parturition interval (IEP) is a direct measure of the productivity of the animal. Long IEP reduce the number of calves produced per year. The objective this study was to determine the distribution of parturitions across month and to evaluate factors affecting IEP. The data included 7,588 parturitions of Murrah, Mediterranean and Carabobo buffalo from 10 herds in Southern and South-eastern Brazil. The analysis of distribution of parturitions evaluated the effects of month, year and their interaction on birth date of calves by using a Chi-Square test in SAS PROC FREQ (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Parturition intervals (n = 2,630) were evaluated using analysis of variance in SAS PROC GLM. The model for IEP included the fixed effects of season (December to May = 1, June to November = 2), year, season x year, sex of the preceding parturition, age of weaning of the previous calf, and herd. All sources of variation were significant (P<0.0001) except sex of the preceding parturition (P <0.85). The mean IEP was 446.7 &plusmn; 10.4 days, for seasons 1 and 2 IEP were 419.8 &plusmn; 11.3 and 473.6 &plusmn; 40.7 days, respectively, a difference of 54 days. As weaning age increased there was a lengthening of IEP. Buffalo in Brazil showed seasonal parturition with calving concentrated from January to April, although the frequency by month differed across years (P<0.0001). These months also had the lowest calving interval

Evaluation of development traits of beef buffalo in Brazil using multivariate analysis

The buffalo population in Brazil increased about 12.9% between 1998 and 2003, to 2.8 million head, evidencing the importance of this species for the country. The objective this work was evaluation of animal growth using multivariate analysis. The data were from 2,944 water buffalo from 10 herds raised in pasture conditions in Brazil. Principal components and genetic distances were estimated using proc PRINCOMP and proc CANDISC in SAS (SAS Inst. Inc. Cary, NC, USA). Variables analyzed were birth weight (BW), age at weaning (AW), weaning weight (WT), weight adjusted to 205 d (W205), total gain between BW and WT (TG), daily gain between BW and WT (DG), weight adjusted to 365 d (W365), total gain between WT and W365 (TG3), daily gain between WT and W365 (TGD3), weight adjusted to 550 d (W550) and weight adjusted to 730 d (W730). Means and standard deviations for each variable were 39.4 &plusmn; 3.2 kg, 225.6 &plusmn; 38.8 d, 209.4 &plusmn; 39.4 kg, 195.4 &plusmn; 30.2 kg, 157.4 &plusmn; 32.0 kg, 0.77 &plusmn; 0.16 kg/d, 282.0 &plusmn; 43.5 kg, 73.9 &plusmn; 33.9 kg, 0.53 &plusmn; 0.21 kg/d, 406.8 &plusmn; 67.9 kg, and 468.2 &plusmn; 70.6 kg, respectively. The eigenvalues to four first principal components were 5.29, 2.54, 1.66, 1.01, and justify 48%, 23%, 15% and 9%, respectively, with a total cumulative 95%. We created an index using the first principal component which is Y= 0.0552 BW + 0.0438 AW + 0.3142 WT + 0.3549 W205 + 0.3426 TG + 0.3426 DG + 0.4070 W365- 0.1531 TG3 - 0.2059 TGD3 - 0.3833 W550 - 0.3966 W730. This index accounted for 48% the variation in the correlation matrix. This principal component emphasizes early growth of the animal. Estimates the pair-wise squared distances between herds, D2(i|j)= (xi-xj)&rsquo; cov-1(xi-xj), using with basis the average of weight of animals, showed the largest distance between herds eight (Murrah: DF) and seven (Murrah: Amazon) and the closest distance between herds one (Mediterranean - RS) and five (Jafarabadi - SP)

Genetic distances and principal component estimations in Brazilian beef cattle.

The objective of this study was to estimate principal components for, and correlations between, weights at birth (BWT), 205d (WT205), 365d (WT3650), 550d (WT550) and 730d (WT730) using multivariate analysis of data from 2,237 animals from IAPAR, PR. Calves were produced from Nellore, Guzerá, Red Angus, Marchigiana, and Limousin bulls mated to Nellore, ½ Guzerá x ½ Nellore, ½ Red Angus x ½ Nellore, ½ Marchigiana x ½ Nellore, ½ Simmental x ½ Nellore, ¾ Nellore x ¼ Red Angus, and ½ Red Angus x ¼ Guzerá x ¼ Nellore cows. Correlations ranged from 0.22 (BWT with WT730) to 0.73 (WT365 with WT550). The proportions of variation justified by the principal components were: first, 56%; first and second, 72%; first through third, 87%; and first four, 95%. The MANOVA tests model a separate variance for each trait (in this case, a separate variance for each of the five traits, and a separate covariance for each of the pairs of traits). The Wilks" Lambda indicates a significant difference in genetic distance between breeds of dam based on the performance of calves. Dams composed of ½ Marchigiana x ½ Nellore versus ½ Simmental x ½ Nellore had the least genetic distance (0.058), while Nellore versus ½ Simmental x ½ Nellore were most distant (2.738). Multivariate analysis can be used to estimate principal components for developing economic weights and accurate indices important in beef selection. Trees generated from cluster analysis of progeny weights can be used to visualize genetic grouping of breed of dam.O objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar os componentes principais e as correlações entre o peso ao nascer (PN), aos 205 (P205), 365 (P365), 550 (P550) e aos 730 (P730) dias de idade para 2237 animais, provenientes do IAPAR, utilizando análise multivariada. A raça dos touros inclusos no programa foram: Nelore, Guzerá, Red Angus, Marchigiana e Limousin e das vacas: Nelore, ½ Guzerá x ½ Nelore, ½ Red Angus x ½ Nelore, ½ Marchigiana x ½ Nelore, ½ Simmental x ½ Nelore, ¾ Nelore x ¼ Red Angus, and ½ Red Angus x ¼ Guzerá x ¼ Nelore. O menor valor encontrado para as correlações foi entre PN e P730 dias, 0,22; e o maior, entre P365 e P550, 0,73. O primeiro componente principal (PC1) justificou 56%; o primeiro e o segundo (PC2), 72%; os três primeiros PC justificaram 87% e, os quatro primeiros PC 95%. O procedimento MANOVA permitiu separar os componentes de variância de cada par. O teste de Wilk"s Lambda indicou uma diferença significativa na distância entre as raças das vacas baseando se no desempenho dos bezerros. Matrizes pertencentes aos grupos ½ Marchigiana x ½ Nelore e ½ Simental x ½ Nelore tiveram comportamento materno mais próximos, (0,058) ao passo que matrizes Nelore e ½ Simental x ½ Nellore foram as que apresentaram maior distância (2,738). Utilizando o procedimento MANOVA é possível separar a variância para cada tratamento dos cinco avaliados permitindo a separação e estimativa das co-variâncias entre eles. O uso de análise multivariada na seleção de gado de corte através dos componentes principais permite a geração de indices precisos, ponderando as variáveis econômicas a serem selecionadas. O uso da arvore permitiu uma melhor visualização das respostas, no caso, do desenvolvimento das progênies de acordo com o grupo racial das matrizes

Parameters and genetic trends of weight of cattle reared at pasture in Brazil

Genetic parameters and trends of weights were estimated for Nellore cattle from Central west and South East in Brazil. ABCZ/EMBRAPA provided weights (kg) at 120 (W120), 205 (W205), 365 (W365) and 540 (W540) for 86 852, 86 852, 61 637, 36 187 animals, respectively, from 1975 to 2001. Parameters were obtained using MTDFREML in single trait analyses. Fixed effects were contemporary group (dry or wet season), year, sex and farm and age of dam (linear and quadratic covariate). Random effects were direct and maternal genetic effects, their covariance, and the uncorrelated maternal permanent environmental effect. The analysis was restarted until twice the logarithms of the likelihoods changed no more than two decimal places. Estimates of direct and maternal genetic variances, direct-maternal covariance, and environmental and phenotypic variances were [51.1, 17.9, -12.0, 190.5 and 280.4] for W120; [128.6, 47.2, -25.9, 695.7 and 932.4] for W205; [435.9, 32.2, -27.4, 2934.0 and 3604.9] for W365; and [607.9, 177.7, -117.6, 5637.7 and 6602.5] for W540. Direct heritabilities ranged from 0.09 to 0.18, maternal heritabilities from 0.01 to 0.06, direct-maternal genetic correlations from -0.23 to -0.36, and permanent environmental effects from 0.05 to 0.12. Direct and maternal genetic and environmental trends from 1975 to 2001 were 10.4, -1.6 and 18.43 kg for W120; 16.6, -2.8; and 23.0 kg for W205; 21.7, -1.3 and 23.6 kg for W365, and, 25.5, -3.6, and -8.1 kg for W540, respectively. The direct genetic trends were positive and maternal trends were small. The importance of maternal performance for W120 and W205 suggests it should be considered in breeding programs although it has a low heritability and modestly adverse genetic correlation with direct genetic effects.Parâmetros e tendências genéticas para os pesos aos 120 (P120: n= 86 852), 205 (P205: n= 86 852), 365 (P365: n= 61 637) e 550 (P550: n= 36 187) dias de idade foram estimados para animais da raça Nelore criados a campo nas regiões Centro-Oeste e Sudeste no Brasil. Os dados são provenientes da ABCZ/EMBRAPA e foram obtidos no período entre 1975 a 2001. Os parâmetros foram obtidos utilizando o programa MTDFREML, em análise unicaracterística. Os efeitos fixos foram grupo de contemporâneos (combinação de estação (água e seca), ano, sexo e fazenda) e a covariável idade da vaca ao parto (linear e quadratico). Como efeito aleatório utilizou-se o efeito aditivo direto, aditivo materno, e de ambiente permanente. As estimativas das variâncias genéticas, direta e materna, ambientais e fenotípicas e as covariâncias entre o efeito direto e materno foram 51,1; 17,9; 190,5; 280,4 e -12,0 para P120; 128,6; 47,2; 695,7; 932,4 e -25,9 para P205; 435,9; 32,2; 2934,0; 3604,9 e -27,4 para P365; 607,9; 177,7; 5637,7; 6602,5 e -117,6 para P550. Os valores de herdabilidades direta encontram-se na faixa de 0,09 a 0,18; herdabilidade materna variaram de 0,01 a 0,06, correlação direta materna entre -0,23 a -0,36 e o efeito de ambiente permanente igual a 0,05 a 0,12. As estimativas das tendências genéticas, direta materna, e ambientais no período de 1975 a 2001 foram 10,4; -1,6 e 18,4 kg para P120; 16,6; -2,8 e 23,0 kg P205; 21,7; -1,3 e 23,6 kg para P365; 25,5; -3,6 e -8,1 kg para P550, respectivamente. As tendências genéticas diretas foram positivas e as maternas pequenas e negativas. O desempenho materno tem influencia importante sobre os pesos aos 120 e 205 dias de idade e esse baixo valor obtido sugere que se deve considerar para este efeito nos programas de melhoramento, mesmo se tendo correlação direta materna adversa