Faster Algorithms for Weighted Recursive State Machines

Pushdown systems (PDSs) and recursive state machines (RSMs), which are linearly equivalent, are standard models for interprocedural analysis. Yet RSMs are more convenient as they (a) explicitly model function calls and returns, and (b) specify many natural parameters for algorithmic analysis, e.g., the number of entries and exits. We consider a general framework where RSM transitions are labeled from a semiring and path properties are algebraic with semiring operations, which can model, e.g., interprocedural reachability and dataflow analysis problems. Our main contributions are new algorithms for several fundamental problems. As compared to a direct translation of RSMs to PDSs and the best-known existing bounds of PDSs, our analysis algorithm improves the complexity for finite-height semirings (that subsumes reachability and standard dataflow properties). We further consider the problem of extracting distance values from the representation structures computed by our algorithm, and give efficient algorithms that distinguish the complexity of a one-time preprocessing from the complexity of each individual query. Another advantage of our algorithm is that our improvements carry over to the concurrent setting, where we improve the best-known complexity for the context-bounded analysis of concurrent RSMs. Finally, we provide a prototype implementation that gives a significant speed-up on several benchmarks from the SLAM/SDV project

Driver drowsiness classification using fuzzy wavelet-packet-based feature-extraction algorithm

Driver drowsiness and loss of vigilance are a major cause of road accidents. Monitoring physiological signals while driving provides the possibility of detecting and warning of drowsiness and fatigue. The aim of this paper is to maximize the amount of drowsiness-related information extracted from a set of electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals during a simulation driving test. Specifically, we develop an efficient fuzzy mutual-information (MI)- based wavelet packet transform (FMIWPT) feature-extraction method for classifying the driver drowsiness state into one of predefined drowsiness levels. The proposed method estimates the required MI using a novel approach based on fuzzy memberships providing an accurate-information content-estimation measure. The quality of the extracted features was assessed on datasets collected from 31 drivers on a simulation test. The experimental results proved the significance of FMIWPT in extracting features that highly correlate with the different drowsiness levels achieving a classification accuracy of 95%-97% on an average across all subjects. © 2011 IEEE

Intelligent driver drowsiness detection system using uncorrelated fuzzy locality preserving analysis

One of the leading causes of automobile accidents is related to driving impairment due to drowsiness. A large percentage of these accidents occur due to drivers' unawareness of the degree of impairment. An automatic detection of drowsiness levels could lead to lower accidents and hence lower fatalities. However, the significant fluctuations of the drowsiness state within a short time poses a major challenge in this problem. In response to such a challenge, we present the Uncorrelated Fuzzy Locality Preserving Analysis (UFLPA) feature projection method. The proposed UFLPA utilizes the changes in driver behavior, by means of the corresponding Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrooculogram (EOG), and Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals to extract a set of features that can highly discriminate between the different drowsiness levels. Unlike existing methods, the proposed UFLPA takes into consideration the fuzzy nature of the input measurements while preserving the local discriminant and manifold structures of the data. Additionally, UFLPA also utilizes Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to avoid the singularity problem and produce a set of uncorrelated features. Experiments were performed on datasets collected from thirty-one subjects participating in a simulation driving test with practical results indicating the significance of the results achieved by UFLPA of 94%-95% accuracy on average across all subjects. © 2011 IEEE

Colposcopic evaluation with modified IFCPC 2011 nomenclature and Swede score for diagnosing premalignant lesions of cervix: a comparative study

Background: Cervical cancer has a long precancerous stage. The early diagnosis in preinvasive stage provides a golden opportunity for prompt intervention to prevent its catastrophic consequences. Through this study we intended to compare the diagnostic accuracy of modified IFCPC 2011 nomenclature and Swede score with respect to gold standard histopathology in colposcopic evaluation of premalignant cervical lesions. Methods: A comparative study was conducted at tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India between January 2021 to June 2022 on 50 women with abnormal Papanicolaou smear (ASCUS, LSIL, ASC-H, HSIL). Scoring of colposcopic lesions was done according to IFCPC nomenclature and Swede’s scoring system. The two colposcopic scores were compared and their statistical association with histological findings were analysed. The collected data was analysed using SPSS version 25. The association of the qualitative variables were analysed using Fischer’s exact test. Agreement was measured by Cohen kappa statistics. Results: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of modified IFCPC 2011 nomenclature for predicting LSIL and HSIL were 87.50%, 58.82%, 50%, 90.91%, 68% and 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of swede score for predicting LSIL and HSIL were 87.50%, 41.18%, 41.18%, 87.50%, 56% and 100%, 77.27%, 37.50%, 100%, 80% respectively. Conclusions: Modified IFCPC 2011 nomenclature had better predictive value than swede score in diagnosing both low grade and high grade premalignant lesions of cervix

Analysis of MAGSAT data of the Indian region

Progress in the development of software for reading MAGSAT data tapes and for the reduction of anomaly data, and in the preparation of data for magnetic anomaly maps is reported

The two-component giant radio halo in the galaxy cluster Abell 2142

We report on a spectral study at radio frequencies of the giant radio halo in A2142 (z=0.0909), which we performed to explore its nature and origin. A2142 is not a major merger and the presence of a giant radio halo is somewhat surprising. We performed deep radio observations with the GMRT at 608 MHz, 322 MHz, and 234 MHz and with the VLA in the 1-2 GHz band. We obtained high-quality images at all frequencies in a wide range of resolutions. The radio halo is well detected at all frequencies and extends out to the most distant cold front in A2142. We studied the spectral index in two regions: the central part of the halo and a second region in the direction of the most distant south-eastern cold front, selected to follow the bright part of the halo and X-ray emission. We complemented our observations with a preliminary LOFAR image at 118 MHz and with the re-analysis of archival VLA data at 1.4 GHz. The two components of the radio halo show different observational properties. The central brightest part has higher surface brightess and a spectrum whose steepness is similar to those of the known radio halos, i.e. $\alpha^{\rm 1.78~GHz}_{\rm 118~MHz}=1.33\pm 0.08$. The ridge, which fades into the larger scale emission, is broader in size and has considerably lower surface brightess and a moderately steeper spectrum, i.e. $\alpha^{\rm 1.78~GHz}_{\rm 118~MHz}\sim 1.5$. We propose that the brightest part of the radio halo is powered by the central sloshing in A2142, similar to what has been suggested for mini-halos, or by secondary electrons generated by hadronic collisions in the ICM. On the other hand, the steeper ridge may probe particle re-acceleration by turbulence generated either by stirring the gas and magnetic fields on a larger scale or by less energetic mechanisms, such as continuous infall of galaxy groups or an off-axis merger.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables - A&A, accepte

Screening of Coriander Genotypes for their Relative Susceptibility against Aphids under Field Conditions

The field experiments were conducted during Rabi 2013-14 and 2014-15 to screen out twelve varieties/entries of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) for their relative susceptibility against aphids. None of the varieties/entries escaped the infestation of aphids. The build-up of aphid infestation started from second half of December and reached to its maximum in the first to third week of February in both years and then gradually declined. On the basis of grade index of mean aphid population, coriander varieties RCr- 684 (25.45 aphids/plant), RCr-446 (26.45 aphids/plant), ACr-1 (26.60 aphids/plant), RCr- 436 (41.75 aphids/plant), Gujarat Coriander-2 (42.45 aphids/plant), Pant Haritma (43.50 aphids/plant) and Gujarat Coriander-1 (43.70 aphids/plant) were categorized as least susceptible, Rajendra Swati and RCr-41 were moderately susceptible, whereas, Swati (CS-6), Sadhna (CS-4) and Sindhu (CS-2), 73.88, 70.60 and 69.50 aphids/plant, respectively were categorized as highly susceptible varieties of coriander against aphids under field conditions. Coriander variety RCr-684 received maximum yield (16.82 and 16.63 q/ha) for both the years followed by ACr-1 and RCr-446

Anomalous thermoelectric power of Mg1-xAlxB2 system with x = 0.0 to 1.0

Thermoelectric power, S(T) of the Mg1-xAlxB2 system has been measured for x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0. XRD, resistivity and magnetization measurements are also presented. It has been found that the thermoelectric power is positive for x = 0.4 and is negative for x = 0.6 over the entire temperature range studied up to 300 K. The thermoelectric power of x = 0.4 samples vanishes discontinuously below a certain temperature, implying existence of superconductivity. In general, the magnitude of the thermoelectric power increases with temperature up to a certain temperature, and then it starts to decrease towards zero base line. In order to explain the observed behavior of the thermoelectric power, we have used a model in which both diffusion and phonon drag processes are combined by using a phenomenological interpolation between the low and high temperature behaviors of the thermoelectric power. The considered model provides an excellent fit to the observed data. It is further found that Al doping enhances the Debye temperature.Comment: 19 pages Text + Figs. suggestions/comments([email protected]

Cosmic ray produced Mg<SUP>28</SUP>, Si<SUP>31</SUP>, S<SUP>38</SUP>, C<SUP>l38</SUP>, Cl<SUP>34m</SUP> and other short-lived radioisotopes in wet precipitation

The concentrations of seven radioisotopes, expected to be produced in the troposphere by interactions of secondary cosmic rays with atmospheric nuclei, have been measured in "fresh" rain collections. The half-lives of these isotopes range from about half an hour to a day. The procedures developed for rapid, specific and sensitive analyses of these nuclides are discussed. Detection of two of the isotopes studied, Cl39 (half-life: 55 mins.) and Na24 (15 hrs.), has been reported earlier by Winsberg and Rodel respectively. Amongst the remaining nuclides, two: S38 (2.9 hrs.) and Cl38 (37.3 mins.) were independently and almost simultaneously detected by us and Perkins and his collaborators. Three other isotopes, Cl34m (32 mins.), Si31 (2.6 hrs.) and Mg28 (21.2 hrs.), detected in the present work have not yet been reported elsewhere. The nature of cosmic ray secondary particles responsible for the production of these short-lived radionuclides in the troposphere is discussed. Isotope production is found to vary strongly with altitude in the troposphere; it increases by a factor of two every 1.5-2 km depending on the radioisotope under question. This fact combined with the availability of several isotopes of half-lives ranging from about half an hour to a day leads to the possibility of using them as tracers for studying short-term tropospheric processes, e.g. those occurring prior to and during condensation in a precipitating cloud. The implications of the present measurements are discussed