Drug utilization study of drugs used in the management of post-partum hemorrhage at a tertiary care hospital

Background: Postpartum haemorrhage remains a major cause of both maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide, uterotonic drugs such as oxytocin, with or without ergometrine, have been used to prevent PPH. The objective to study the drugs used in the management of post-partum haemorrhage at a tertiary care hospital.Methods: An observational and cross-sectional study design was adopted for this study. The case sheets of 100 patients presenting in active stage of labour to the labour room in a tertiary care hospital were analysed.Results: In the prescriptions analysed from the patients in the labour room, drugs used to prevent PPH are oxytocin and misoprostol. Oxytocin is the most commonly prescribed drug to prevent PPH in the study group. It is a life-saving drug to prevent PPH and thereby maternal mortality. In the study group having 103 patients, a total of 81 patients received only 10 IU oxytocin IM and 14 patients received 10 IU oxytocin IM and 600 g misoprostol to prevent PPH.Conclusions: Oxytocin is an essential drug included in the WHO essential drug list and in the national list of essential medicine, so it shouldn’t have been dealt in such a biased manner

EVALUATION OF THE PROPHYLACTIC ROLE OF INDIAN SHRIMP IN ALUMINUM CHLORIDE-INDUCED ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE ON EXPERIMENTAL RATS

Objective: This work was aimed to investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic role of Indian shrimp in aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in rats. Methods: The male Wistar rats were selected and divided into six groups. Group I received distilled water, Group II received AlCl3 ( 100 mg/kg, p.o.), Group III received rivastigmine (1 mg/kg, p.o.), Group IV received AlCl3 + shrimp powder (200 mg/kg, p.o), and Group V received AlCl3 + shrimp powder (400 mg/kg, p.o) for 60 days. At the end of the study, various parameters such as behavioral and biochemical investigations were assessed. Results: The result of the study shows that the shrimp (400 mg/kg) has better effect on the treatment of aluminum chloride-induced AD in rats. It showed a remarkable improvement in the behavioral and biochemical parameters, and the result of histopathology study shows that the hippocampus region of brain tissue recovered as compared with control. Conclusion: From this study, it is evident that dietary intake of shrimp can help to inhibit oxidative stress produced due to the accumulation of AlCl3 in the brain and used as a prophylactic for AD

FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSPHERES FOR THE TREATMENT OF FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS

Objective: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) also known as familial polyposis coli, is a hereditary disease characterized by progressive appearance of numerous polyps mainly in the large intestine. Polyps are initially benign but can easily become cancerous and as such it is a life threatening condition. Celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor is thought to induce cell death, and thus prevent or delay the growth of polyps. So in the present study celecoxib loaded microspheres were prepared using control release Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M) and pH dependent polymer eudragit L 100-55 in different ratios (1:1 to 1:4) respectively. The main objective of the study is to identify the polymer concentration required to prevent the drug release in stomach region and promotes in intestinal region.Methods: Emulsification solvent evaporation method was selected for the preparation and all the optimized formulations were evaluated for drug-polymer interactions, percentage yield, micrometric properties, entrapment efficiency, particle size analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and in vitro dissolution study.Results: Drug and polymer interactions were evaluated by using FTIR and DSC. The FTIR spectrum and DSC thermograms stated that drug and polymer are compatible to each other. The micrometric properties of drug loaded microspheres were carried out and they were found to be as the angle of repose (18.26 °-40.69 °), bulk density (0.2846-0.3875), tapped density (0.4111-0.5428), Carr's index (9.66-14.77), Hausner's ratio (1.112-1.2642) which were within the limits. In vitro dissolution, drug release was found to be from 4.5 to 6.5 h for the prepared four formulations (F1–F4). From the kinetic data modeling the order of drug release was found to be zero order and korsmeyer-peppas with n value above 0.5 for all the formulations indicating non-fickian diffusion.Conclusion: All the result demonstrated that celecoxib microspheres can be effectively used in the treatment of familial adenomatous polyposi

On Indexed Absolute Matrix Summability of an Infinite Series

Some results have been established on absolute index Riesz summability factor of an infinite series. Furthermore, these kind of results can be extended by taking other parameters and an absolute index matrix summability factor of an infinite series or some weaker conditions. In the present paper a new result on generalized absolute index matrix summability factor of an infinite series has been established

Histological studies of cellular differentiation during somatic embryogenesis of coconut plumule-derived calli

Since coconut is   one of the most recalcitrant species to generate in vitro, it is   necessary to study in detail about the cellular changes that occur during   somatic embryogenesis to enhance our knowledge about this phenomenon. In the   present study, coconut plumular tissues, the shoot meristem including leaf   primordia, were used as explants for in vitro regeneration studies.   Histological studies were carried out in different stages of plumule culture.   No noticeable growth was observed in 15 days old cultures. After 30 days,   meristematic cells could be identified. Abundance of meristematic cells,   foremost to the development of callus structures, was observed after 45 days.   After 75 days, globular friable calli were formed and histological studies   revealed the presence of meristematic centers which eventually formed somatic   embryos. The histological study of matured somatic embryos formed after 120   days of callus initiation showed a clear meristematic zone of parenchyma   cells, surrounded by vascular bundles. Histological studies, carried out for   certain abnormalities like compact calli, abnormal somatic embryoids with   rudimentary shoots and multiplied roots, revealed the presence of intact   cotyledonary leaves which seemed to inhibit the apical meristem development   of somatic embryoids. The presence of vascular bundles in the early stages of   callus formation might lead to the direct formation of meristemoids. These   results could aid future studies leading to enhanced control of the somatic   embryogenic process and greater efficiency of somatic embryo and plantlet   formation in coconut

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF LORAZEPAM ENCAPSULATED COLLAGEN/PECTIN BUCCAL PATCH

Objective: To formulate and characterize Lorazepam loaded buccal patches using mucoadhesive, biodegradable, natural polymers-pectin (hydrophilic) and collagen (lipophilic) for treating epileptic seizures. Methods: Lorazepam loaded buccal patches were prepared by solvent casting method and were subjected to various Physico-chemical evaluation parameters to find the optimized buccal patch. The in vitro drug release study and ex vivo permeation study was carried out. The stability study and histopathological study of optimized Lorazepam loaded buccal patch was also carried out. Results: From in vitro drug release study, it was found that Lorazepam loaded buccal patch (B4) exhibited maximum drug release of 96.16 %±0.07 than other formulations at the end of 4 h, indicating an initial burst release followed by sustained release with release kinetics as Higuchi diffusion model. Based on the in vitro drug release, % drug content, % swelling index, folding endurance, B4 formulation was considered as optimised formulation and was further characterized. Ex vivo permeation study revealed that the cumulative amount of drug permeated from optimised Lorazepam loaded buccal patch (B4) was higher (3831.4±0.21µg/cm2) than marketed Midazolam buccal solution (1724±0.12 µg/cm2) and control drug solution (895.42±0.07 µg/cm2) with an enhancement ratio of 4.8. B4 formulation also showed a higher flux value (12.52±0.02µg/cm2/hr) compared to marketed formulation (5.732±0.01 µg/cm2) and control drug solution (2.563±0.03 µg/cm2) of P<0.05. The histopathological study using bovine buccal mucosa revealed that the B4 formulation is safe for buccal application. The stability study confirmed that B4 formulation is stable in both room and refrigeration conditions. Hence the formulated Lorazepam loaded buccal patch seems to be a promising carrier for the enhanced buccal delivery of Lorazepam in treating epileptic seizures. Conclusion: The formulated Lorazepam loaded collagen/pectin buccal patch was found to be an efficient and stable route for the buccal delivery of Lorazepam in treating acute epileptic seizures which could be further explored scientifically

Exploring the salient factors influencing menstrual health and hygiene: a review

Menstruation is a process that induces a series of hormonal and structural changes in the female reproductive system to foster pregnancy. Pre-menstrual syndromes usually occur 5-7 days before a menstrual period with altered levels of estrogen, progesterone, and serotonin at the beginning of the cycle as well as ovarian steroids that modulate cognitive activity. Around 150 known symptoms of PMS may be experienced in women during menstruation varying from cramps, mood swings, breast soreness, bloating, acne, food cravings, excessive thirst and fatigue, influencing the quotidian routine of women. About 3–8% of women experience more drastic problems like premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Even though half of the global female population is of reproductive age, menstruation is still one of the most stigmatized topics from a societal perspective. Lack of proper awareness about menstruation and the factors affecting it may precipitate misconceptions or discrimination, leading to physical health risks, hence preventing the development of public health habits. This article aims to explore the probable complementary or contrary factors influencing the cycle of a woman that may help to safeguard her health without any stress, menstrual shame or barriers to information during menstruation which is a fundamental issue of human rights, dignity and public health