A Review on Skin Disease Classification and Detection Using Deep Learning Techniques

Skin cancer ranks among the most dangerous cancers. Skin cancers are commonly referred to as Melanoma. Melanoma is brought on by genetic faults or mutations on the skin, which are caused by Unrepaired Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) in skin cells. It is essential to detect skin cancer in its infancy phase since it is more curable in its initial phases. Skin cancer typically progresses to other regions of the body. Owing to the disease's increased frequency, high mortality rate, and prohibitively high cost of medical treatments, early diagnosis of skin cancer signs is crucial. Due to the fact that how hazardous these disorders are, scholars have developed a number of early-detection techniques for melanoma. Lesion characteristics such as symmetry, colour, size, shape, and others are often utilised to detect skin cancer and distinguish benign skin cancer from melanoma. An in-depth investigation of deep learning techniques for melanoma's early detection is provided in this study. This study discusses the traditional feature extraction-based machine learning approaches for the segmentation and classification of skin lesions. Comparison-oriented research has been conducted to demonstrate the significance of various deep learning-based segmentation and classification approaches

MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION TECHNIQUE FOR THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC QUANTIFICATION OF IVERMECTIN IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION

Objective: The present abstract makes the use of multivariate calibration technique for the quantification of ivermectin in pharmaceutical dosage form. Methods: Multivariate calibration technique is based on the use of linear regression equations, by correlating the relation between concentration and absorbance at seven different selected wavelengths. The λmax of ivermectin was found to be 245 nm. The results were treated statistically. This statistical approach gives optimum results by eliminating the fluctuations arising from the instrumental or experimental conditions. Results: The developed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines and was found to be simple, linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible. The method was found to be linear over a concentration range of 5–15 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r2) value of about 0.9998. The limit of detection and quantification were found to be 0.029 and 0.087 μg/mL, respectively. The percentage relative standard deviation for intraday and interday precision was found to be in the range of 0.473–1.373 and 0.301–1.617, respectively. The percentage recovery was found within the range of 97.60–101.80% w/w. Conclusion: The results evidence that a simple, linear, precise, accurate, sensitive, and reproducible multivariate calibration technique has been developed and validated for the quantification of ivermectin in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation

Pregnancy in Takayasu arteritis - maternal and fetal outcome

Background: Takayasu arteritis is a rare medical disorder of primary vasculitis of unknown etiology. It affects reproductive age women. It is rare disease and associated with serious maternal and fetal complications and long term morbidity.Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients with diagnosed Takayasu arteritis, to know the impact of disease on maternal status and evaluate fetal outcome. The objective of this study was to know the maternal and fetal outcome in pre-diagnosed cases of Takayasu arteritis. The necessity of accurate measurement of pulse and blood pressures in all the limbs in a suspected case of hypertension in antenatal women at any period of gestation and TYPE the disease accordingly. 3. To evaluate the typing of TA on maternal and fetal outcome.Results: All the 4 patients with TA had medical complication like hypertension in the form of chronic hypertension and pre eclampsia that needed good monitoring of BP in all 4 limbs.Conclusions: As the typing of disease increased, more medical and obstetric complications were noticed

UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF SUNITINIB MALATE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

Objective: To develop and validate simple zero (D0), first (D1) and second (D2) order derivative UV Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Sunitinib malate in pharmaceutical dosage form.Methods: Sunitinib malate was solubilised in distilled water and the resultant solution exhibits adsorption maximum (λmax) at 431, 457 and 489 nm in D0, D1 and D2 order derivative modes respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines [1].Results: Linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 2-12 µg/ml in all the derivative modes. Limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.291, 0.107, 0.327μg/ml and Limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 0.883, 0.324, 0.993μg/ml for D0, D1 and D2 order derivative modes respectively. The proposed method demonstrated an excellent intra-day precision and inter-day precision. Mean recovery was found within the range of 98.19-98.62% respectively, signifies the accuracy of the developed method.Conclusion: The statistical results prove that the developed method can be effectively applied for the routine analysis of Sunitinib malate in industries and other analytical laboratories.Â

3D Evaluation of Maxillary Sinus Using Computed Tomography: A Sexual Dimorphic Study

Purpose. Gender determination is considered to be an important step in the reconstruction of the biological profile in forensic medicine. Maxillary sinus can be used for identification of sex when other methods are indecisive. Computed tomography (CT) provides an excellent method for examining maxillary sinuses. Hence the aim of the study was to determine the accuracy of gender determination using maxillary sinus with CT. Materials and Methods. CT images were used to measure the mediolateral, superoinferior, and anteroposterior dimensions and the volume of the maxillary sinuses in 100 patients (50 males and 50 females) to determine the gender of an individual for forensic identification. Discriminative analysis was done using the values derived and the t-test for independent samples was used to compare these values in males and females. Results. The accuracy rate was found to be 84% in males and 92% in females with the mean accuracy of 88%. Conclusion. Our study concludes that gender determination can be done using measurements of maxillary sinus through CT when other methods are unavailable. The prediction rate can be increased by including volume of the maxillary sinus

Study on HELLP syndrome - maternal and perinatal outcome

Background: HELLP Syndrome is a serious obstetric complication in pregnancy characterised by haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count. Incidence is 0.5-0.9% of all pregnancies and in 10-20% of cases with severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. The aim of the study was to study the incidence, different clinical presentations and diagnosis of HELLP syndrome in Pre eclampsia and Eclampsia and to analyze the severity, complications, maternal and perinatal outcome.Methods: It is a 16 months period retrospective study of 102 cases of preeclampsia and eclampsia admitted in NRIMC and GH in OBGY Department with more than 28 weeks gestation. Of these, 91 cases had preeclampsia and 11 cases had eclampsia. Out of these, 15 cases developed HELLP Syndrome. The available history, clinical data, detailed laboratory investigations were studied and categorized by Mississippi classification for better analysis of complications and outcome in HELLP syndrome.Results: Of 91 cases of Preeclampsia, 12 cases (13.18%) developed HELLP syndrome and out of 11 cases of Eclampsia, 3 cases (27.27%) had HELLP Syndrome. Majority of the cases belonged to 21-25years age group and were mostly from lower Socio economic status. The present study showed 60% maternal morbidity and 6.6% maternal mortality and the perinatal morbidity and mortality was 46.6% each.Conclusions: HELLP Syndrome is a severe variant and a dreadful complication of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia, it needs early diagnosis and timely intervention in the form of termination of pregnancy to arrest further progress of pathophysiology leading to complications

A Structural Equation Modelling Approach Towards Taxpayers’ Perceptions on Goods and Services Tax in India

Purpose: The Purpose of this article is to comprehend how Indian taxpayers perceive the goods and services tax.   Theoretical Framework: India has completed five years after the successful implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST). Many economic benefits were promised at the time of implementation of this tax regime. Thus, it becomes essential to understand tax payers’ perceptions by developing a strong framework that influences their perceptions.   Design/Methodology/Approach: A descriptive study approach was adopted for this objective. 200 replies were obtained in total. Using SPSS Amos, structural equation modelling was utilised to assess the assumptions produced. Attitude, knowledge, Equity, and fairness of taxpayers served as exogenous factors, while taxpayer impression served as the dependent variable. The real-world implication is used as a mediating variable in order to examine the impacts.   Findings: The findings of the research indicate that tax knowledge, Equity, and fairness impact tax attitudes. This study provides some useful recommendations for further research in this sector.   Research Implications: This study considers tax knowledge, tax equity and fairness and tax attitudes to measure tax payers’ perception. However, tax rates, regular amendments, circulars, technology and other variables could also be considered by future researchers on this study.   Originality/Value: Using a Structural Equation Modelling in understanding Tax Payers’ Perceptions was hardly adopted in these types of studies. Variables considered for this study were also unique. &nbsp

SLOW INCREASING FUNCTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO SOME PROBLEMS IN NUMBER THEORY

This article commences with a definition of slow increasing function and moves on to delineate a few properties of slow increasing functions. Besides, several applications in some problems of number theory using the theory of slow increasing functions are also presented to show how useful these functions prove in solving complex problems

Isolation and characterization of lytic bacteriophages of Salmonella Typhimurium and their therapeutic application

Salmonella Typhimurium is an important bacterial pathogen of gastroenteritis revealing multidrug resistance and has zoonotic implication. In an approach towards alternatives to antibiotics, lytic bacteriophages were isolated against Salmonella Typhimurium from sewage effluent using double agar overlay method. The isolated bacteir ohages, viz. fST1, fST2, fST3, fST4 and fST5 were characterized microbiologically and revealed host range 85–92% individually and 100% collectively within the genus. Biophysical characterization revealed that the phages were stable at 16°, 37°, 42°C and pH 4, 7 and 9 for 3h, supporting their therapeutic application. Electron microscopic examination of the fST1 showed icosahedral head (52.5nm), contractile tail (220–250nm) belonging to the family Myoviridae and order Caudovirales. Further, molecular characterization of fST1 revealed 38kb nucleic acid and digested by restriction endonucleases i.e., EcoRI, Bam HI and Hae III. The therapeutic application of the isolated phage cocktail was ascertained in Swiss albino mice models by infecting the control and treatment groups with 3×108 cfu/ml of the organism intramuscularly and orally. Following challenge the treatment group administered with 3×109 pfu/ml of phage mixture showed significant decrease in number of colony forming units of bacteria in vivo