Risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection in Brazilian children

The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics and clinical outcome of children hospitalized with COVID-19 and identify the risk factors for severe disease. All hospital admissions of pediatric patients between March and December 2020 in the southern region of Brazil were reviewed and the patients positive for RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 were identified. This region encompasses a population of over 2.8 million children and adolescents. Data were extracted from a national database that includes all cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome requiring hospitalization in Brazil. A total of 288 hospitalizations (51.3% female) with a median age of 3 years (interquartile range 0-12 years) were identified. Of these, 38.9% had chronic medical conditions, 55.6% required some form of supplementary oxygen, and 30.2% were admitted to an intensive care unit. There were 17 deaths (5.9%) related to COVID-19. Age less than 30 days was significantly associated with increased odds of critical illness (OR 9.52, 95% CI 3.01-30.08), as well as the presence of one chronic condition (OR 5.08 95% CI 2.78-9.33) or two or more chronic conditions (OR 6.60, 95% CI 3.17-13.74). Conclusion: Age under 30 days old and presence of chronic conditions were strongly associated with unfavorable outcomes in Brazilian children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings could help local public health authorities to develop specific policies to protect this more vulnerable group of children

Terminal ill children and end-of-life practices in the pediatricIintensive Care Units

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Analisar e discutir os aspectos médicos relacionados a terminalidade e cuidados de final de vida oferecidos a crianças internadas, principalmente, em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP) no Brasil e em alguns países do hemisfério norte. CONTEÚDO: Foram selecionados artigos sobre cuidados de final de vida publicados nos últimos 20 anos na PubMed, MedLine e LILACS com ênfase nos estudos sobre morte em UTIP no Brasil, América Latina, Europa e Norte América, usando as palavras-chave: morte, bioética, tratamento intensivo pediátrico, reanimação cardiopulmonar e limitação de suporte de vida. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se maior incidência de limitação de suporte vital (LSV ~60%) nas UTIP Norte-Americanas e européias que na América Latina (30%-40%). No Brasil a LSV tem diferentes incidências de 2007acordo com a região, tendo aumentado na última década de 6% para 40%, sendo a ordem de não reanimar a forma mais freqüente. A participação da família no processo decisório no nosso meio é desestimulada e muito incipiente. Baseados na literatura revisada e em sua experiência os autores apresentam as medidas que consideram mais eficazes e recomendadas no seu manuseio. Apesar da LSV em crianças em fase final de doença irreversível ter amparos ético, moral e legal; essas medidas são ainda adotadas de forma tímida. Entre as mudanças urgentes neste comportamento, destaca-se a necessidade do envolvimento da família no processo decisório.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze and discuss the medical practices related to the end-of-life care provided to children admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in Brazil and in some countries located in the northern hemisphere. CONTENTS: Selected articles on end-of-life care published during the last years searching the PubMed, MedLine and LILACS database, with special interest on studies of death conducted in pediatric intensive care units in Brazil, Latin America, Europe and North America, using the following key words: death, bioethics, PICU, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and life support limitation (LSL). CONCLUSIONS: In North America and North Europe, the incidence of LSL is greater (60%-80%) than in south Europe and Latin America (30%-40%). In Brazil the incidence of LSL depends on the region and in the last decade it is increasing from 6% to 40%; being the do-not-reanimated order the most frequent mode of LSL. The family participation in the decision making process is not stimulated and incipient. Based on the literature review and on their experience the authors present the measures that they consider most efficient and recommended for managing this situation in our region. Despite of LSL in children with terminal and irreversible disease be considered ethically, morally and legally; these measures are still adopted in a very few circumstances in our region. Urgent changes in this behavior are necessary, specially related to family participation in the decision-making process