The hierosolymitain origin of the catechetical rites in the armenian liturgy

O presente trabalho pretende demonstrar que a rubrica introdutória do ritual arménio do baptismo tem uma origem hierosolimitana. Para tanto comparo o texto original com os temas das leituras catequéticas que se encontram no Leccionário Arménio e com os assuntos tratados por São Cirilo de Jerusalém na suas Catequeses. Tal comparação permite descobrir que a rubrica baptismal é mais antiga do que os outros dois documentos. Esta conclusão está baseada, por um lado no esquema de catequeses que a rubrica propõe, o qual só pode ser anterior ao das leituras catequéticas e das correspondentes instruções cirilianas: a rubrica ordena-se segundo um equema de história de salvação enquanto que os outros documentos seguem a ordem do símbolo da fé; além de que outros pormenores supõem, na rubrica, uma menor evolução teológica. Por outro lado a organização litúrgica que tal rubrica supõe só pode ter existido nos fins do século III — princípios do IV. E tal organização era particular à igreja de Jerusalém. Daí a minha conclusão de que esta rubrica viu a luz do dia em Jerusalém donde teria transitado para a Arménia por ocasião das grandes traduções do século de ouro, o século V

The most ancient penitential text of the armenian liturgy

The antiquity of the first known text of the Armenian penance is certainly enhanced by the hypothesis of its having been originally written as an order for the acceptance of heretics into penance

Formas emergentes de quotidianização da festa

This paper aims to comprehend some emerging social phenomena – fast feasts, subway parties, flash mobs, zombie walks, free hugs –, most of them originating in English speaking countries but present in all societies. The theoretical support for this understanding is that the affluent classes, free from the necessity of producing material goods, increasingly apply their function of cultural changers to the everyday and inventing new forms of festive leisure. Given the impossibility of accounting for all the facts and circumstances favouring this development, we study the events with greater social impact and visibility often due to their strange and provocative nature. We also seek to understand the way in which some of these phenomena are ritualized enabling us to gain a glimpse into the way social behaviour is codified and cultures are changed and structured.O presente texto pretende entender alguns fenómenos sociais emergentes – fast feasts, subway parties, flash mobs, zombie walks, free hugs, quase todos surgidos em países de língua inglesa, mas presentes em todas as sociedades – no quadro de uma teoria da quotidianização da festa, segundo a qual, as classes urbanas mais afluentes, libertas das tarefas da produção de bens materiais, na sua função de agentes da transformação cultural, não se cansam de inventar novas formas festivas de lazer. Na impossibilidade de dar conta de todos os factos e circunstâncias que favoreceram o seu desenvolvimento, privilegiam-se os eventos de maior impacto e visibilidade sociais, muitas vezes porque estranhos e provocatórios. Tenta-se igualmente perceber em que medida alguns destes fenómenos começam a ritualizar-se, o que permite entrever o modo como os comportamentos se codificam e as culturas se transformam e estruturam

Sur les sens de «eisdem muneribus declaratur» dans la prière sur les offrandes de la messe de l'Épiphanie

La question que nous nous proposons d'examiner est aussi ancienne que les manuscrits qui nous transmettent l'oraison sur les offrandes de la messe de l'Épiphanie: quelques unes de leurs variantes semblent indiquer en effet que ce texte n'a pas été toujours parfaitement compris par les copistes. Aussi le textus receptus hérite-t-il les ambiguïtés de la tradition manuscrite. Et un auteur moderne de dire: cette prière est «d'une construction logique et grammaticale si subtile

Conditions promoting effective very high gravity sugarcane juice fermentation

Abstract Background: Applying very high gravity (VHG) fermentation conditions to the sugarcane juice (SCJ) bioethanol industry would improve its environmental and economic sustainability without the need for major infrastructure changes or investments. It could enable a decrease in the consumption of biological and natural resources (cane/ land, water and energy) while maintaining acceptable production parameters. The present study attempts to demonstrate and characterise an efective industrially relevant SCJ-VHG fermentation process. Results: An industry-like SCJ-VHG bioethanol production process with 30 and 35 °Bx broth was employed to investigate the efects of both the yeast strain used and nitrogen source supplementation on process yield, process productivity, biomass viability, glycerol concentration and retention-associated gene expression. Process performance was shown to be variably afected by the diferent process conditions investigated. Highest process efciency, with a 17% (w/v) ethanol yield and only 0.2% (w/v) sugar remaining unfermented, was observed with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae industrial strain CAT-1 in 30 °Bx broth with urea supplementation. In addition, efcient retention of glycerol by the yeast strain was identifed as a requisite for better fermentation and was consistent with a higher expression of glycerol permease STL1 and channel FPS1. Urea was shown to promote the deregulation of STL1 expression, overcoming glucose repression. The consistency between Fps1-mediated ethanol secretion and ethanol in the extracellular media reinforces previous suggestions that ethanol might exit the cell through the Fps1 channel. Conclusions: This work brings solid evidence in favour of the utilisation of VHG conditions in SCJ fermentations, bringing it a step closer to industrial application. SCJ concentrated up to 30 °Bx maintains industrially relevant ethanol production yield and productivity, provided the broth is supplemented with a suitable nitrogen source and an appropriate industrial bioethanol-producing yeast strain is used. In addition, the work contributes to a better understanding of the VHG-SCJ process and the variable efects of process parameters on process efciency and yeast strain response. Keywords: Biofuel, Bioethanol, Sugarcane, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CAT-1, Very high gravity, Process optimisation, Process sustainabilityB. Monteiro was supported by the Ph.D. Grant 2011/12185-0 from the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo-FAPESP. P. Ferraz and M. Barroca are supported by the Doctoral Programme in Applied and Environmental Microbiology (DP-AEM) and the FCT by Ph.D. Grants PD/ BD/113814/2015 and PD/BD/113810/2015, respectively. T. Collins thanks the FCT for support through the Investigador FCT Programme (IF/01635/2014). T. Collins and C. Lucas are supported by the strategic programme UID/ BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569) funded by national funds through the FCT I.P. and the ERDF through COMPETE2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI). P. Ferraz, T. Collins and C. Lucas were further funded by the project EcoAgriFood (NORTE-01- 0145-FEDER-000009), supported by the Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020) under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data