Biomechanics of fish swimming in a hydrokinetic turbine wake

In the present paper, the assessment of the hydrodynamics of the fish swimming in undisturbed and altered wake-flow is carried out identifying hydrodynamical forces and flow patterns of the fish swimming wake. URANS approach with k-omega/SST turbulence model are employed combining fish and turbine in the same simulation. Fish motion is realized using dynamically adaptive mesh. The actuator line method is employed to induce the wake of a hydrokinetic turbine, which is a simplified method that requires lower computational cost than full geometry simulations. This work brings a new numerical approach involving fish and turbine wake highlighting that fish swimming in the wake presents higher thrust forces than in the undisturbed flow, due to the x-component to velocity in the wake is lower than free flow velocity

Medical and Surgical Treatment for Overactive Bladder

In this chapter, we focus on the medical treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome. The treatment of choice of the OAB syndrome is still the anticholinergic therapy, although we must consider β3‐agonists with almost the same evidence. No drug has been shown to be clearly superior to the rest. The use of oxybutynin transdermal should be considered when the side effects due to the oral administration are intolerable. In elderly patients, first efforts should be directed to use non‐drug therapies, such as behavioural therapy. In patients suffering from cognitive dysfunctions, the use of antimuscarinic with caution is recommended. Mirabegron, a β3‐agonist, can be offered, although it should be noted that the long‐term effects are still unknown. The logical second‐line treatment is the intravesical injection of botulinum toxin A, considering its temporary effectiveness and the possibility of retention. In some centres, sacral nerve stimulation may be an option. Surgical treatment should be reserved when conservative therapies fail