Supporting Those That Make Us a Success: How Community Relations Programs Effect Individual Shopping Choices

Community relations programs have become extremely popular within organizations over the past several years. This manuscript will take a closer look at how these community relations programs influence the decision\u27s individuals make when determining which organizations they want to support. Through a case study analysis Wal-Mart\u27s affiliation with the Children\u27s Miracle Network was analyzed in order to determine why organizations do community relations programs and the effect they have on an individual\u27s choice in which organizations they support. The study consisted of a systematic random sample of 342 Charleston/Mattoon and surrounding area residents. The results indicated individuals are looking for an all encompassing organization, one that has reasonable prices, but also takes the additional step and supports the community in which they operate. In addition, it was determined that community relations programs can be extremely beneficial to an organization if the public is aware of the program

Targeted genome modifications in soybean with CRISPR/Cas9

Background: The ability to selectively alter genomic DNA sequences in vivo is a powerful tool for basic and applied research. The CRISPR/Cas9 system precisely mutates DNA sequences in a number of organisms. Here, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is shown to be effective in soybean by knocking-out a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene and modifying nine endogenous loci. Results: Targeted DNA mutations were detected in 95% of 88 hairy-root transgenic events analyzed. Bi-allelic mutations were detected in events transformed with eight of the nine targeting vectors. Small deletions were the most common type of mutation produced, although SNPs and short insertions were also observed. Homoeologous genes were successfully targeted singly and together, demonstrating that CRISPR/Cas9 can both selectively, and generally, target members of gene families. Somatic embryo cultures were also modified to enable the production of plants with heritable mutations, with the frequency of DNA modifications increasing with culture time. A novel cloning strategy and vector system based on In-Fusion (R) cloning was developed to simplify the production of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting vectors, which should be applicable for targeting any gene in any organism. Conclusions: The CRISPR/Cas9 is a simple, efficient, and highly specific genome editing tool in soybean. Although some vectors are more efficient than others, it is possible to edit duplicated genes relatively easily. The vectors and methods developed here will be useful for the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to soybean and other plant species

Endogenous Mortgage Choice, Borrowing Constraints and the Tenure Decision

Earlier research has shown that lender income and wealth constraint ratios discourage homeownership. This empirical research has been based on home purchasers using an 80 percent loan-to-value (LTV) fixed-rate conventional loan. Employing the same assumption, we find that the constraints lowered the ownership rate of our 1919 young home purchasers by about 20 percentage points. However, households are not restricted to putting 20 percent down and choosing a fixed- rate loan. When we allow households to select the optimal LTV and mortgage type (adjustable or fixed-rate with Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or conventional insurance), the percentage of our sample that is credit constrained declines from 71 to 49. Moreover, the measured impact on the homeownership rate of the constraints falls to only 4 percentage points. Further, FHA loans are estimated to increase homeownership by only 0.1 to 0.2 percentage points.

Recent Legal Literature

Bigalow: Centralization and the Law; Ridges: Constitutional Law of England; Kales: Conditional and Future Interests and Illegal Conditions and Restraints in Illinois; Beale: The Law of Foreign Corporations and Taxation of Corporations, Both Foreign and Domestic; Clephane: The Organization and Management of Business Corporations; Frost: A Treatise on the Incorporation and Organization of Corporations, Created Under the Business Corporation Acts of the Several States and Territories of the United States; Whitten (ed.): Yearbook of Legislation, 190

Recent Legal Literature

Dill: The Statutory and Cass Law Applicable to Private Companies, under the General Corporation Act of New Jersey, with Corporation Precedents; Noyes: A Treatise on the Law of Intercorporate Relations; Benjamin: The General Principles of the American Law of the Sale of Goods; Abbott: Brief for the Trial of Criminal Causes; Rich and Farnham (eds.): The Lawyers Reports Annotate

Book Reviews

Street: The Foundations of Legal Liability. A presentation of the Theory and Development of the Common Law.; Martin: Mining Law and land Office Procedure. With Statutes and Forms.; Devlin: The Treaty Power Under the Constitution of the United States; Freeman: The American State Reports. Containing the Cases of General Value and Authority Decided in the Courts of Last Resort of the Several States.

Note and Comment

Power of the Governor General to Expel Resident Aliens from the Insular Territory of the United States; Confusion of the Doctrine of Estoppel with that of Bona Fide Purchase for Value without Notice; The Way of the Transgressor is Easy; Duty of the Mortgagee to Give Notice and Proff of Loss Under Standard Polic

Book Reviews

Hamilton: The Modern law of General Business Corporations in Michigan. Including commentaries and annotated acts with forms, the Consolidated Corporation Law, the Partnership Association, Limited, Law, the Foreign Corporation Law.; Archer: Law Office and Court Procedure; Minor: the Law of Real Property (Based on Minor\u27s Institutes); Baldwin: The Law of Taxation in Michigan; Lile, Redfield, Wambaugh, Sunderland, Mason, and Cooley: Brief Making and the Use of Law Books, (2nd ed.)

Note and Comment

Inducing Breach of Agreement by Employees Not to Join a Labor Union, in Order to Compel Unionization of Plaintiff\u27s Business - In Hitchnan Coal & Coke Compazy v. John Mitchell, et al., (Dec. 10, 1917), 38 Sup. Ct. 6s, the novel question was presented to the Supreme Court of the United States, as to whether or not members of a labor Union could be enjoined from conspiring to persuade, and persuading, without violence or show of violence, plaintiff\u27s employees, not members of the Union,-and who were working for plaintiff not for a specified time, but under an agreement not to continue in plaintiff\u27s employment if they joined the Union, this agreement being fully known to defendants,-secretly to agree to join the Union and continue working for plaintiff until enough had agreed to join, so that a strike could be called, and plaintiff be thereby forced to unionize its business of mining coal

Note and Comment

Maritime Liens - Personality of Ship - In Coal Company v. Fisheries Company (Advanced Sheets, Nov. 15, ig2o), the Supreme Court denies a lien for supplies of coal furnished the owner of a fleet of vessels for use thereon and, incidentally, brings into stronger relief the admiralty doctrine of the personality of the ship as distinguished from that of the owner. At the time the arrangement was made, the shipowner was without money or credit and could not enter upon its operations without a supply of coal for its ships and factories. The Coal Company agreed to supply its requirements on the understanding that, while some of the fuel would be used on shore, the greater part would be consumed by the vessels and that it would have a maritime lien therefor. All deliveries were made at the shipowner\u27s factories and. the ships were fueled from its bins in quantities of which accurate accounts were kept. Towards the close of the season of navigation, the vessels were sold under a foreclosure of mortgage and the Coal Company asserted its lien by proceedings in rein against them. In affirming the decree of the Court of Appeals dismissing the libels, the Supreme Court points out that the maritime lien provided by the Act of June 23, 191O, rests upon a furnishing of supplies to the vessel and not to the owner for such appropriation to the vessel as h