Efecto de tratamientos selvícolas de diferente intensidad sobre el microclima del suelo y los ciclos de nutrientes de un bosque de pino carrasco

Tesis por compendio[EN] Aleppo pine covers a large area in the Mediterranean region, but the effects of silvicultural practices that modify the canopy on the ecology of these forests have been relatively understudied. In this Ph D thesis we assess the effect of silvicultural treatments of different intensities on some key aspects that regulate the soil microclimate and the nutrient dynamics of a P. halepensis forest. The treatments are: shelterwoods of two intensities (60 and 75% of basal area removed, referred to as T60 and T75, respectively) and clearfelling (100% of basal area removed, T100) which were compared with untreated controls (T0). The study was conducted ten years following the implementation of the treatments.. Therefore, we provide useful information to determine its mid-term effects on the ecology of this Mediterranean forest ecosystem. The T100 treatment has caused an increase in soil temperature, and the time series analysis indicates that this treatment has affected both the annual sinusoidal component of variation and the daily fluctuations in the short term. Soil moisture in the summer has been significantly reduced in the T100 treatments. This reduction is due to reduced water infiltration into the soil, which is attributed to an increase in the hydrophobicity or to the creation of surface crusts in the bare soil. The T60 and T75 treatments have not caused significant changes in the soil temperature and moisture dynamics, probably due to the closure of the canopy and to the understory development. The production of litterfall and the associated return of nutrients to the soil (C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg) were linearly reduced with the treatment intensity, with the basal area removed explaining 45-60% of their variation. The exception was K return, which had a lower sensitivity to treatment intensity due to the compensation of the understory litterfall. There has been a slight decrease in the decomposition rate of the P. halepensis needles associated to T100 treatment, as well as alterations in the Ca and K release from the needles. These changes are due to the contamination with soil particles caused by the limited presence of the forest floor in the plots subjected to this treatment. The T60 and T75 treatments have neither significantly affected the litter decomposition nor the associated nutrient release. The soil N mineralization rate in the three silvicultural treatments doubled that of the untreated forest, and this fact seems to be related to the higher proportion of understory litterfall in the treated plots. Overall, soil type has not significantly affected the impact of silvicultural treatments on the ecological processes studied in this work. The results suggest that the mid-term influence of the treatments on microclimate is limited to T100 treatment, and these differences in microclimate do not seem to affect nutrient dynamics. We suggest that studying the dynamics of the understory is necessary to assess the impact of silvicultural treatments on the biogeochemical cycles in these forests.[ES] El pino carrasco ocupa una extensa superficie en la región Mediterránea, pero los efectos de las prácticas selvícolas que modifican el dosel arbóreo sobre la ecología de estos bosques han sido relativamente poco estudiados. En la presente tesis doctoral se evalúa el efecto de tratamientos selvícolas de diferentes intensidades sobre algunos aspectos clave que regulan el microclima del suelo y la dinámica de nutrientes de un bosque de P. halepensis. Los tratamientos estudiados son aclareos sucesivos uniformes de dos intensidades (60 y 75% de área basimétrica sustraída, denominados T60 y T75 respectivamente) y corta a hecho (100% de área basimétrica sustraída, T100), que se comparan con controles no tratados (T0). El estudio se ha realizado más de diez años después de la ejecución de los tratamientos, por lo que se proporciona información útil para determinar sus efectos a medio plazo sobre la ecología de este ecosistema forestal mediterráneo. El tratamiento T100 ha provocado un aumento en la temperatura del suelo, y el análisis de series temporales indica que este tratamiento ha afectado tanto al componente senoidal anual de la variación como a las variaciones diarias en el corto plazo. La humedad del suelo en el periodo estival se ha visto reducida significativamente en los tratamientos T100. Esta reducción se debe a la menor infiltración de agua en el suelo, que se atribuye al incremento en la hidrofobicidad o a la creación de costras superficiales por dejar el suelo descubierto. Los tratamientos T60 y T75 no han provocado cambios importantes en la dinámica de la temperatura y la humedad del suelo, probablemente por el cierre del dosel arbóreo y el desarrollo del sotobosque. La producción de desfronde y el retorno asociado de nutrientes al suelo (C, N, P, K, Ca y Mg) se ha reducido de forma lineal con la intensidad del tratamiento, de forma que el área basal sustraída explica el 45-60% de su variación, con la excepción del retorno de K que presenta una menor sensibilidad a la intensidad del tratamiento debido al papel de compensación del desfronde del sotobosque. Se ha observado un ligero descenso en la tasa de descomposición de las acículas de P halepensis relacionado con el tratamiento T100, así como alteraciones en la liberación asociada de Ca y K de las acículas. Estos cambios se deben al efecto de la contaminación con partículas de suelo provocada por la limitada presencia del horizonte orgánico en las parcelas sometidas a este tratamiento. Los tratamientos T60 y T75 no han afectado de forma significativa a la descomposición de la hojarasca ni a la liberación de nutrientes asociada. La tasa de mineralización de N en el suelo mineral se ha duplicado en los tres tratamientos selvícolas en comparación con el bosque no tratado, lo que parece estar relacionado con que en las parcelas tratadas haya una mayor proporción de desfronde de matorral. En general, el tipo de suelo no parece haber afectado de forma importante al impacto de los tratamientos selvícolas sobre los procesos ecológicos estudiados en este trabajo. Los resultados en su conjunto sugieren que la influencia a medio plazo de los tratamientos sobre el microclima se limita a los tratamientos T100, y además, que estas diferencias en el microclima no parecen afectar a la dinámica de nutrientes. Se sugiere para próximos trabajos el estudio de la dinámica del matorral, que parece ser un factor determinante a la hora de evaluar el impacto de los tratamientos selvícolas sobre los ciclos biogeoquímicos de este tipo de bosque.[CA] El pi blanc ocupa una extensa superfície a la regió Mediterrània, però els efectes de les pràctiques silvícoles que modifiquen el dosser arbori sobre l'ecologia d'aquests boscos han estat relativament poc estudiats. En la present tesi doctoral s'avalua l'efecte de tractaments silvícoles de diferents intensitats sobre alguns aspectes clau que regulen el microclima del sòl i la dinàmica de nutrients d'un bosc de P. halepensis. Els tractaments estudiats són aclarida successiva uniforme de dues intensitats (60 i 75% d'àrea basimètrica sostreta, denominats T60 i T75 respectivament) i tallada arreu (100% d'àrea basimètrica sostreta, T100), que es comparen amb controls no tractats (T0). L'estudi s'ha realitzat més de deu anys després de l'execució dels tractaments, de manera que es proporciona informació útil per determinar els seus efectes a mitjà termini sobre l'ecologia d'aquest ecosistema forestal mediterrani. El tractament T100 ha provocat un augment en la temperatura del sòl, i l'anàlisi de sèries temporals indica que aquest tractament ha afectat tant al component sinusoïdal anual de la variació com a les variacions diàries en el curt termini. La humitat del sòl en el període estival s'ha vist reduïda significativament en els tractaments T100. Aquesta reducció es deu a la menor infiltració d'aigua en el sòl, que s'atribueix a l'increment en la hidrofobicitat o a la creació de crostes superficials per deixar el sòl descobert. Els tractaments T60 i T75 no han provocat canvis importants en la dinàmica de la temperatura i la humitat del sòl, probablement pel tancament del dosser arbori i el desenvolupament del sotabosc. La producció de fullaraca i el retorn associat de nutrients al sòl (C, N, P, K, Ca i Mg) s'ha reduït de forma lineal amb la intensitat del tractament, de manera que l'àrea basimètrica sostreta explica el 45-60% de la seva variació, amb l'excepció del retorn de K que presenta una menor sensibilitat a la intensitat del tractament a causa del paper de compensació de la producció de fullaraca del sotabosc. S'ha observat un lleuger descens en la taxa de descomposició de les acícules de P. halepensis relacionat amb el tractament T100, així com alteracions en l'alliberament de Ca i K de les acícules en descomposició. Aquests canvis es deuen a l'efecte de la contaminació amb partícules de sòl provocada per la limitada presència de l'horitzó orgànic en les parcel¿les sotmeses a aquest tractament. Els tractaments T60 i T75 no han afectat de manera significativa a la descomposició de la fullaraca ni a l'alliberament de nutrients associat. La taxa de mineralització de N al sòl mineral s'ha duplicat en els tres tractaments silvícoles en comparació amb el bosc no tractat, el que sembla estar relacionat amb que a les parcel¿les tractades hagi una major proporció de producció de fullaraca del sotabosc. En general, el tipus de sòl no sembla haver afectat de forma important a l'impacte dels tractaments silvícoles sobre els processos ecològics estudiats en aquest treball. Els resultats en el seu conjunt suggereixen que la influència a mig termini dels tractaments sobre el microclima es limita al tractament T100, i a més, que aquestes diferències en el microclima no semblen afectar la dinàmica de nutrients. Per a propers treballs, es suggereix l'estudi de la dinàmica del matoll, que sembla ser un factor determinant a l'hora d'avaluar l'impacte dels tractaments silvícoles sobre els cicles biogeoquímics d'aquest tipus de bosc.Lado Monserrat, L. (2015). Efecto de tratamientos selvícolas de diferente intensidad sobre el microclima del suelo y los ciclos de nutrientes de un bosque de pino carrasco [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59417TESISCompendi

EFECTO DE TRATAMIENTOS SELVÍCOLAS SOBRE LA TEMPERATURA Y LA HUMEDAD DE SUELO EN PARCELAS DE PINO CARRASCO

Los tratamientos selvícolas de regeneración son técnicas que permiten incrementar la resiliencia y biodiversidad de las masas reforestadas, y el estudio de sus efectos en diversos aspectos de la ecología del bosque mediterráneo es un área emergente de investigación.Lado Monserrat, L. (2010). EFECTO DE TRATAMIENTOS SELVÍCOLAS SOBRE LA TEMPERATURA Y LA HUMEDAD DE SUELO EN PARCELAS DE PINO CARRASCO. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/13688Archivo delegad

Mid-Term Effects of Forest Thinning on N Mineralization in a Semi-Arid Aleppo Pine Forest

[EN] In order to assess the sustainability of silvicultural treatments in semiarid forests, it is necessary to know how they affect the nutrient dynamics in the forest. The objective of this paper is to study the effects of silvicultural treatments on the net N mineralization and the available mineral N content in the soil after 13 years following forest clearings. The treatments were carried out following a randomized block design, with four treatments and two blocks. The distance between the two blocks was less than 3 km; they were located in Chelva (CH) and Tuéjar (TU) in Valencia, Spain. Within each block, four experimental clearing treatments were carried out in 1998: T0 control; and T60, T75 and T100 where 60%, 75% and 100 of basal area was eliminated, respectively. Nitrogen dynamics were measured using the resin tube technique, with disturbed samples due to the high stoniness of the plots. Thirteen years after the experimental clearings, T100, T75 and T60 treatments showed a twofold increase in the net mineralization and nitrification rates with respect to T0 in both blocks (TU and CH). Within the plots, the highest mineralization was found in sites with no plant cover followed by those covered by undergrowth. These results can be explained in terms of the different litterfall qualities, which in turn are the result of the proportion of material originating from Pinus halepensis Mill. vs. more decomposable undergrowth residuesThis work has been supported by a fellowship from the Generalitat Valenciana, Consellería de Educación, Formación y Empleo awarded to L. Lado-Monserrat (BFPI/2008/041). Silvicultural treatments were carried out by the Mediterranean Centre for Environmental Studies (CEAM) through programme ¿I+D en relación con la restauración de la cubierta vegetal y otros aspectos de investi-gación forestal¿ (R&D in relation to the restoration of vegetation cover and other aspects of forestry research). Dataloggers and probes were provided by the Generalitat Valenciana through Project ¿Efecto de diferentes sistemas de aclareo de masa forestal sobre la disponibilidad de agua, nutrientes y la regeneración de la masa arbórea y arbustiva en parcelas de pinar¿ (Effect of different forest thinning systems on the availability of water, nutrients and trees and understory regeneration in pine forest plots) (GV06/126)Bautista, I.; Lado-Monserrat, L.; Lull, C.; Lidón, A. (2021). Mid-Term Effects of Forest Thinning on N Mineralization in a Semi-Arid Aleppo Pine Forest. Forests. 12(11):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111470S116121

Soil moisture increment as a controlling variable of the Birch effect . Interactions with the pre-wetting soil moisture and litter addition

The Birch effect is a pulse in soil C and N mineralization caused by the wetting of dry soils, but the role of the soil moisture increment (Delta SWC) is still poorly understood. We quantified the relationship between Delta SWC and the Birch effect, and its interactions with pre-wetting soil moisture (preSWC) and substrate supply. Two soils (clay loam and sandy loam) under a Pinus halepensis forest were subjected to rewetting in laboratory treatments combining different Delta SWC and preSWC values, with or without additional substrate (5 mg g(-1) P. halepensis needles). Respiration flush (Delta R), changes in microbial biomass C (MBC) and net N mineralization (NMIN) were measured. Overall, we found a relationship with the form: Delta R = a Delta SWC + b, where the slope (a) was significant only when pre-wetting water potential was below a threshold value in the range of -100 to -1,200 kPa. However, the threshold alone does not fully describe the role of preSWC in slope variability. Substrate addition modified the Delta SWC sensitivity of Birch effect, enhancing it in the clay loam and suppressing it in the sandy loam. The intensity of the wetting is a dominant factor regulating Birch effect, and Delta SWC is useful for its quantification.This work was supported by a fellowship from Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Educacion, Formacion y Empleo awarded to L. Lado-Monserrat (BFPI/2008/041). Thanks are due to Antonio del Campo for help in data analyses and to Antonio Lloret for laboratory work. The authors wish to thank Joana Oliver for invaluable laboratory support. The authors also thank two anonymous reviewers and Professor Stephan Glatzel from the University of Rostock, Germany, for the critical review of the manuscript.Lado Monserrat, L.; Lull Noguera, C.; Bautista Carrascosa, MI.; Lidón Cerezuela, AL.; Herrera Fernandez, R. (2014). Soil moisture increment as a controlling variable of the Birch effect . 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Litterfall, litter decomposition and associated nutrient fluxes in Pinus halepensis: influence of tree removal intensity in a Mediterranean forest

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10342-015-0893-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users[EN] Our knowledge about the influence of silvicultural treatments on nutrient cycling processes in Mediterranean forests is still limited. Four levels of tree removal were compared in an Aleppo pine forest in eastern Spain to determine the effects on litterfall, litter decomposition and the associated nutrient fluxes after 12 years. Removal treatments included clearfelling, two shelterwood intensities (60 and 75 % of basal area removed) and untreated controls. Twelve years later, the basal area removed still explained 60 % of litterfall mass variance and 60 % of C, 52 % of N, 45 % of P, 17 % of K, 47 % of Ca and 60 % of Mg return variances. Litter decomposed somewhat more slowly in clearfellings compared to controls (p = 0.049), accumulated more Ca and released less K compared to the other three treatments. This was explained by contamination with mineral particles due to the poorly developed O horizon in clearfellings. We conclude that the management practices reduced the nutrient return via litterfall, but the nutrient release through decomposition seems poorly sensitive to canopy disturbance. In order to accurately quantify the harvesting impacts on nutrient cycling in this Mediterranean forest system, it is necessary to measure the litterfall of the understory layer.This work has been supported by a fellowship from the Generalitat Valenciana, Conselleria de Educacion, Formacion y Empleo awarded to L. Lado-Monserrat (BFPI/2008/041). Silvicultural treatments were carried out by the Mediterranean Centre for Environmental Studies (CEAM) through programme "I + D en relacion con la restauracion de la cubierta vegetal y otros aspectos de investigacion forestal". Dataloggers and probes were provided by the Generalitat Valenciana through Project "Efecto de diferentes sistemas de aclareo de masa forestal sobre la disponibilidad de agua, nutrientes y la regeneracion de la masa arborea y arbustiva en parcelas de pinar" (GV06/126). We acknowledge Joana Oliver, Ruth M. Tavera and Daniel Fortanet for their help in the laboratory and in the field. The authors wish to thank Francisco Galiana for his assistance, including help in fieldwork and providing information about the experimental design of the silvicultural treatments. Thanks also go to Rafael Herrera from the Centro de Ecologia, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas, Venezuela and two anonymous reviewers for critically reviewing the manuscript.Lado Monserrat, L.; Lidón, A.; Bautista, I. (2015). Litterfall, litter decomposition and associated nutrient fluxes in Pinus halepensis: influence of tree removal intensity in a Mediterranean forest. 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