Risk factors for chronic kidney disease among patients at Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital in Sagamu, Nigeria: A retrospective cohort study

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and often goes undetected and undiagnosed until the disease is well advanced and kidney failure is imminent. It is estimated that approximately 36 million Nigerians suffer from different stages of CKD, as one in seven Nigerians has kidney disease.Methods: This research was a retrospective cohort study of 150 cases and 300 controls. Selection of subjects was by a retrospective review of records of in-patients from 2010-2013 in a state teaching hospital. Data was analyzed using Chi-square at 5% level of significance.Results: Majority of subjects were between ages 20 – 29 years. The mean (SD) age of the cases was 40.6 (14.4) and controls was 38.6 (15.8). Ninety (60%) of the cases and 212(70.7%) of the controls were males (p= 0.023). Almost 87% of the cases and 42% of the controls ingest herbal concoction. Use of bleaching substances was more among the cases 20(13.4%) compared with the controls 2(0.7%), ( p= 0.001). Eight (5.3%) of the cases had family history of CKD while only 1(0.3%) of the control had similar history (p= 0.001). There were more cases (10.7%) with diabetic mellitus compared with the controls (2.7%), (p= 0.001). The number of cases with high blood pressure was more than the number of controls, (p-value <0.001). Sixty-four percent of the cases had history of chronic use of analgesic compared with 10.3% of the controls (p < 0.001).Conclusions: CKD is mostly found among men in their productive age, who were either diabetic or hypertensive with history of ingestion of herbal concoction and chronic use of analgesic. Individual should engage in regular medical check, modify their life style while government and health care providers increase awareness and campaign on the causes and risk factors of CKD

Barriers to utilization of cervical cancer screening services among non-medical female personnel in tertiary hospitals in south west Nigeria.

Context: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women and contributes significantly to cancer related deaths among women worldwide. Women knowledge and practice of screening for pre malignant lesions vary significantly. Studies on this subject had focused mostly on either medically informed health care workers or lay community persons but hardly on non-medically informed hospital workers who forms the bulk of health workers and influences health behaviors equally or even more.Objectives: To assess women's knowledge, attitude and practices towards cervical cancer screening and the barriers to utilizing cervical cancer screening services among non-medical female personnel in two tertiary centers in South West NigeriaStudy Design. Setting and Subjects: The study is a deseriptive cross-sectional study among female nonmedical personnel in OOUTH Sagamu and LAUTECH Ogbomosho in southwestern Nigeria. A self administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 280 women, which was analyzed using SPSS 21 statistical software.Main Outcome Measures: The study measured knowledge, practices and barriers to utilization of screening services.Results: Awareness is 84.3% and knowledge of screening is 77.5%. Utilization rate is low at 15%; indecision, 32 .4% feeling of good health, 28.2% and fear of positive results, 18.1 % are the main reasons for not screening. Low level of education and poor knowledge orthe disease are discovered as the most significant barriers and determinants of utilization Conclusion and Recommendation: Women education in context specific terms is recommended as the intervention to improve screening practices amongst women of reproductive age group

The Spatial Distribution of HIV Prevalence Rates in Nigeria

Nigeria has witnessed a gradual decline in the national trend of HIV prevalence from the peak of 5.8% in 2001 to 3.4% in 2012. In spite of the decline nationally, there is a wide variation in the distribution of HIV at the sub-national level. This study therefore aims to explore the spatial distribution of HIV in Nigeria. The study was an ecological study of secondary data of the National HIV prevalence studies conducted between 2008 and 2012. The global Moran’s I and Local Moran’s I (LISA) test were used to measure spatial autocorrelation. A final choropleth map of local Moran’s FDR-adjusted p values was produced and a p value of ≤ 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. The analysis of the data was carried out in R statistical package version 3.2.3. Twenty seven (73%) states showed decline in HIV while 10 (27%) states showed an increase in the HIV prevalence rate between 2008 and 2012. Global Moran I statistics for the country indicates a significant positive spatial autocorrelation of HIV in 2008 and 2010 however, there was no significant relationship in 2012. The choropleth map identified four hot spot significant clusters of HIV in 2008 which reduced to three states in 2010 and one state in 2012. The study showed a number of significant hot spot clusters for HIV in Nigeria though there was a general significant decline in the national HIV prevalence rate in the country. There is need to further understand the drivers of the epidemic in hot spot areas and target specific localized action to stem the tide of the epidemic focusing the scarce resources in the identified hotspot states

Determinants of antiretroviral treatment adherence among patients attending secondary health care facilities in north-east and south-west Nigeria: a comparative study

Background: Four decades after its discovery, HIV continues to be a major global public health issue, even with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Strict adherence to ART remains a challenge, with attendant implications for treatment success. This study aimed at comparing ART adherence between north-east and south-west Nigeria.Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in two regions in Nigeria among 400 HIV/AIDS patients on ART. Data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine predictors of ART adherence in the regions. The level of significance was set at 0.05.Results: The majority of respondents from both the north-east (87.5%) and south-west (92.5%) of Nigeria had good knowledge about ART. The self-reported adherence level was 90.0% in the north-east and 87.5% in the south-west. Predictors of ART adherence in the north-east were knowledge about ART (AOR 9.949; 95% CI 2.009–49.284) and transport costs to the clinic (AOR 0.177; 95% CI 0.047–0.661). In the south-west, education (AOR 0.198; 95% CI 0.047–0.832) and knowledge of ART (AOR 8.945; 95% CI 1.749–45.751) were identified as predictors of ART adherence.Conclusion: In both regions, knowledge about ART was appreciable, but adherence was sub-optimal. Strategies to support adherence should be tailored to specific predictors in each region