La composition en acides aminés, dans le régime alimentaire des larves de daurade royale, affecte-t-elle leur performance ?

7 páginas, 2 figuras, 4 tablas.[EN] Live preys commonly used in fish larval rearing seem to be imbalanced in terms of amino acids. Manipulation of their amino acid composition is difficult, but the use of microencapsulated diets allows this manipulation. This study analysed the effect of amino acid supplementation, in order to compensate for dietary amino acid imbalances, on growth and survival of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. Larvae were reared until 32 days after hatching, in a closed recirculating water system (19 °C), using only live food (rotifers and Artemia). Thereafter, larvae were fed Artemia or one of the experimental microencapsulated diets: supplemented with indispensable amino acids (IAAsup diet), or supplemented with dispensable amino acids (DAAsup diet). Experiment lasted for 10 days. Dietary supplementation with indispensable amino acids resulted in A/E ratios [(each indispensable amino acid) × (total indispensable amino acids)−1 × 1000] more similar to the ones of larval seabream and in higher IAA:DAA ratios than in the DAAsup diet. Survival was similar in larvae fed the IAAsup diet (75%) or Artemia (87%), but was significantly lower in larvae fed the DAAsup diet (52%). Larvae from all treatments more than doubled their average dry weight during the experimental period. Final dry weight was similar in larvae fed both microcapsules, but these were lighter than larvae fed with Artemia. Relative growth rate (RGR) and total biomass production tended to be higher in larvae fed the IAAsup (RGR = 9% day−1) than the DAAsup diet (RGR = 7.5% day−1) and only in this last treatment these parameters were significantly lower than in larvae fed with Artemia. Therefore, dietary supplementation with indispensable amino acids resulted in a more balanced dietary amino acid profile, which significantly increased survival. Further studies introducing microdiets earlier in the development seem necessary in order to optimise growth.[FR] Les proies vivantes utilisées dans les élevages larvaires semblent déséquilibrées en terme d'acides aminés. Manipuler la composition en acides aminés est difficile mais l'usage d'aliments encapsulés le permet. Cette étude analyse l'effet d'une supplémentation en acides aminés sur la croissance et la survie des larves de daurade royale (Sparus aurata) afin de compenser un déséquilibre. Les larves sont élevées jusqu'à 32 jours après éclosion en circuit fermé (eau à 19 °C), en utilisant des aliments vivants uniquement (rotifères et Artemia). Les larves sont ensuite nourries avec des Artemia ou bien avec des aliments microencapsulés expérimentaux, supplémentés en acides aminés soit indispensables (régime IAAsup) soit non-indispensables (régime DAAsup). La durée de l'expérience est de 10 jours. La supplémentation en acides aminés indispensables conduit à des ratios A/E [(chaque AA indispensable) × (total en AA indispensables)−1 × 1000] plus proches de ceux de la larve de dorade et des ratios IAA/DHA plus élevés que ne le fait la supplémentation en acides aminés non-indispensables. Le taux de survie est similaire chez les larves nourries avec le régime IAAsup (75 %) ou Artemia (87 %) mais inférieur significativement chez les larves soumises au régime DAAsup (52 %). Le poids sec moyen de ces larves, quel que soit leur régime alimentaire, a doublé durant la période expérimentale. Le poids sec est similaire chez les larves nourries de microcapsules mais moins élévé chez celles nourries d'Artemia. Le taux de croissance relative (RGR) et la production de biomasse totale tendent à être plus élevés chez les larves nourries en IAAsup (RGR = 9 % jour−1) que celles nourries en DAAsup (RGR = 7,5 % jour−1). C'est seulement dans ce dernier traitement que les paramètres sont plus faibles significativement que chez les larves nourries d'Artemia. Ainsi, les supplémentations alimentaires en acides aminés indispensables peuvent augmenter la survie. D'autres études, introduisant des micro-aliments de façon plus précoce dans le développement, semblent nécessaires afin d'optimiser la croissance.The authors acknowledge funding by project AGL2004-06669-C02-01 (MCYT, Spain) and grant SFRH/BPD/14835/2003 (FCT, Portugal).Peer reviewe

Do dietary amino acid profiles affect performance of larval gilthead seabream?

Live preys commonly used in fish larval rearing seem to be imbalanced in terms of amino acids. Manipulation of their amino acid composition is di fficult, but the use of microencapsulated diets allows this manipulation. This study analysed the effect of amino acid supplementation, in order to compensate for dietary amino acid imbalances, on growth and survival of gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ) larvae

Hormonal induction of Atlantic dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) broodstock

Immature fish and young females were sex reversed using hormonal induction in two consecutive years. In the first year one permanent male was obtained. Collected sperm of both years ranges from 30 μl to 300 μl and cell concentration varies from 3 to 6.5 x109 spermatozoa/ml. Atlantic dusky grouper can successfully be induced to functional males with 17α-methyltestosterone implants

Nutritional physiology during development of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)

The Senegalese sole, a species with a complex metamorphosis, difficulties in weaning and with occasional problems of malpigmentation and skeletal deformities, is a good model species to study larval nutritional physiology. In addition, the early metamorphosis and acquisition of a peculiar non-proactive bottom-feeding behaviour make early weaning an important issue in sole hatcheries. The present work reviews recent findings in different aspects of nutritional physiology during the development of Senegalese sole, in an attempt to optimize the composition of sole diets and to understand what are the limiting factors for weaning sole. Both digestive enzymes activity and tracer studies using 14C-Artemia show that sole larvae, even at young stages, have a high capacity for digesting live preys. This is reflected in a high growth potential and low mortality rates for this species during the larval stage compared to other marine fish species. Based on the observation of the digestive enzymes profile, early introduction of inert microdiets in co-feeding with Artemia does not seem to affect intestinal function. However, when co-feeding is not provided, intestinal activity may be depressed. Furthermore, early introduction of microdiets in co-feeding with Artemia may have a positive effect on survival rates, but at the expense of lower growth rates and higher size dispersal. This may reflect variation in the adaptation capacity of individual larvae to inert diets. High dietary neutral lipid (soybean oil) content results in reduced growth and accumulation of lipid droplets in the enterocytes and affects the capacity of Senegalese sole larvae to absorb and metabolise dietary fatty acids (FA) and amino acids (AA). Through tube feeding of different 14C-lipids and free FA it has been shown that FA absorption efficiency increases with unsaturation and that sole larvae spare DHA from catabolism. In addition, it was demonstrated that absorption efficiency varies according to molecular form, being highest for free FA, lowest for triacylglycerols and intermediate for phospholipids. Live preys commonly used in larviculture do not seem to have a balanced AA profile for sole larvae. Furthermore, the ideal dietary AA composition probably changes during development. Rotifers and Artemia metanauplii are apparently deficient in one or more of the following AA depending on the larval development stage: histidine, sulphur AA, lysine, aromatic AA, threonine and arginine. It has also been demonstrated that balancing the dietary AA profile with dipeptides inArtemia-fed larvae increases AA retention and reduces AA catabolism. When supplementing larval diets with limiting AA it should also be considered that sole larvae have different absorption, and retention efficiencies for individual AA, and that they have the capacity to spare indispensable AA. In addition, the absorption of free AA is faster and more efficient than that of complex proteins. Improvements in biochemical composition of inert microdiets for sole are likely to contribute to the reproducible weaning success of Senegalese sole