Democracia cultural: cultura, sociedade e política no Brasil contemporâneo

O estudo realizado no âmbito da dissertação de mestrado em Empreendedorismo e Estudos da Cultura centra-se na exploração do conceito de democracia cultural nas políticas públicas brasileiras dando especial atenção às transformações no campo político que se sucederam ao afastamento da presidenta Dilma Rousseff em maio de 2016. O trabalho será desenvolvido à luz de discussões recorrentes nos estudos sobre a cultura - tal como a desconstrução da tríade hierárquica cultura de elite, cultura de massas e cultura popular - e das contribuições que o antropólogo argentino Néstor García Canclini traz em "Culturas Híbridas - estrategias para entrar y salir de la modernidade" (1989). Já o paradigma da democracia cultural trará como princípio a distinção introduzida por Grosjean e Ingberg (1980) entre políticas que têm como base a animação sociocultural e outras, a que chamam paternalistas, que se fundamentam na difusão cultural. A discussão será alargada e ponderada a partir de João Teixeira Lopes (2007) e o que chama de políticas culturais de terceira geração. Após amplo enquadramento teórico, o trabalho analisará as políticas públicas brasileiras para cultura, com foco no período entre 2003 e 2016, para então se dedicar à nova fase política brasileira e as implicações que esta imporá à cena cultural do País. Para tanto, o estudo analisará as repercussões do "impeachment" de Rousseff na sociedade civil ligada ao setor cultural, em especial a partir do movimento Ocupa MinC; as diretrizes e propostas do novo Ministério; e a correlação entre cidadania e inclusão cultural no Brasil contemporâneo.The study carried out within the scope of this master's thesis on Entrepreneurship and Culture Studies focuses on the exploration of the concept of cultural democracy in Brazilian public policies, paying special attention to the transformations in the political field that followed the removal of President Dilma Rousseff in May, 2016. The work will be developed in the light of recurrent discussions in studies on culture - such as the deconstruction of the hierarchical triad elite culture, mass culture and popular culture - and the contributions that the Argentine anthropologist Néstor García Canclini brings in Hybrid Cultures - strategies for entering and leaving modernity (1989). On the other hand, the cultural democracy paradigm will bring the distinction introduced by Grosjean and Ingberg (1974; 1980) between policies based on sociocultural animation and others, which they call "paternalistic", which are based on cultural diffusion. The discussion will be broadened and pondered from João Teixeira Lopes (2007) and what he calls "third generation cultural policies". After a broad theoretical framework, this thesis will analyze the Brazilian public policies for culture, focusing on the period between 2003 and 2016, to then dedicate itself to the subsequent state of affairs in Brazilian politics and its implications in the cultural landscape of the Country. For this purpose, this thesis will analyze the repercussions of Rousseff's impeachment on civil society linked to the cultural sector, especially from the Ocupa MinC movement; the guidelines and proposals of the new Ministry; and the correlation between citizenship and cultural inclusion in contemporary Brazil

Impact of cervical screening on cervical cancer mortality: estimation using stage-specific results from a nested case-control study

Cancer Research UK (A16892 to P.S.)

Low risk of cervical cancer during a long period after negative screening in the Netherlands

A condition for effective cervical cancer screening is a low incidence of cervical cancer after negative screening compared to that in the absence of screening. This relative risk was studied for the period 1994-1997 in the Netherlands and compared with previous studies. All cases of invasive cervical cancer diagnosed from 1994 to 1997 in the Netherlands were related to woman-years at risk, stratified by age, number of preceding negative screenings and time since the preceding negative screening. These incidence rates were compared with that before screening started in the Netherlands. The relative risk increases from 0.13 in the first year after screening to 0.24 after more than 6 years after screening for women with one previous negative screening. These figures reduce to 0.06 and 0.18, respectively, for women with two or more previous screenings. However, these estimates are less favourable when account is taken of the likely decrease in risk for cervical cancer in the period studied. Our data show a low relative risk of cervical cancer for several years following the last negative Pap smear. However, the denominator of the relative risk, that is, the incidence without screening, may have been overestimated. This applies also to the IARC multicountry study, and may have caused too optimistic expectations about the effectiveness of cervical cancer screening

Impact of the introduction of organised screening for cervical cancer in Turin, Italy: cancer incidence by screening history 1992–98

After an organised cervical screening programme was introduced in Turin in 1992, the age-adjusted cervical cancer incidence ratio in 1992–98 was 0.81 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59–1.09) for invited vs not invited women and 0.25 (95% CI 0.13–0.50) for attenders vs non attenders. An organised screening programme can further reduce cervical cancer incidence in an area where substantial spontaneous activity was previously present

Factors associated with non-attendance, opportunistic attendance and reminded attendance to cervical screening in an organized screening program: a cross-sectional study of 12,058 Norwegian women

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cervical cancer incidence and mortality may be reduced by organized screening. Participant compliance with the attendance recommendations of the screening program is necessary to achieve this. Knowledge about the predictors of compliance is needed in order to enhance screening attendance.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The Norwegian Co-ordinated Cervical Cancer Screening Program (NCCSP) registers all cervix cytology diagnoses in Norway and individually reminds women who have no registered smear for the past three years to make an appointment for screening. In the present study, a questionnaire on lifestyle and health was administered to a random sample of Norwegian women. The response rate was 68%. To address the predictors of screening attendance for the 12,058 women aged 25-45 who were eligible for this study, individual questionnaire data was linked to the cytology registry of the NCCSP. We distinguished between non-attendees, opportunistic attendees and reminded attendees to screening for a period of four years. Predictors of non-attendance versus attendance and reminded versus opportunistic attendance were established by multivariate logistic regression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Women who attended screening were more likely than non-attendees to report that they were aware of the recommended screening interval, a history of sexually transmitted infections and a history of hormonal contraceptive and condom use. Attendance was also positively associated with being married/cohabiting, being a non-smoker and giving birth. Women who attended after being reminded were more likely than opportunistic attendees to be aware of cervical cancer and the recommended screening interval, but less likely to report a history of sexually transmitted infections and hormonal contraceptive use. Moreover, the likelihood of reminded attendance increased with age. Educational level did not significantly affect the women's attendance status in the fully adjusted models.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The likelihood of attendance in an organized screening program was higher among women who were aware of cervical screening, which suggests a potential for a higher attendance rate through improving the public knowledge of screening. Further, the lower awareness among opportunistic than reminded attendees suggests that physicians may inform their patients better when smears are taken at the physician's initiative.</p

Observed and predicted risk of breast cancer death in randomized trials on breast cancer screening

BACKGROUND: The role of breast screening in breast cancer mortality declines is debated. Screening impacts cancer mortality through decreasing the number of advanced cancers with poor diagnosis, while cancer treatment works through decreasing the case-fatality rate. Hence, reductions in cancer death rates thanks to screening should directly reflect reductions in advanced cancer rates. We verified whether in breast screening trials, the observed reductions in the risk of breast cancer death could be predicted from reductions of advanced breast cancer rates. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Greater New York Health Insurance Plan trial (HIP) is the only breast screening trial that reported stage-specific cancer fatality for the screening and for the control group separately. The Swedish Two-County trial (TCT)) reported size-specific fatalities for cancer patients in both screening and control groups. We computed predicted numbers of breast cancer deaths, from which we calculated predicted relative risks (RR) and (95% confidence intervals). The Age trial in England performed its own calculations of predicted relative risk. RESULTS: The observed and predicted RR of breast cancer death were 0.72 (0.56-0.94) and 0.98 (0.77-1.24) in the HIP trial, and 0.79 (0.78-1.01) and 0.90 (0.80-1.01) in the Age trial. In the TCT, the observed RR was 0.73 (0.62-0.87), while the predicted RR was 0.89 (0.75-1.05) if overdiagnosis was assumed to be negligible and 0.83 (0.70-0.97) if extra cancers were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: In breast screening trials, factors other than screening have contributed to reductions in the risk of breast cancer death most probably by reducing the fatality of advanced cancers in screening groups. These factors were the better management of breast cancer patients and the underreporting of breast cancer as the underlying cause of death. Breast screening trials should publish stage-specific fatalities observed in each group

Alternative technologies in cervical cancer screening: a randomised evaluation trial

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer screening programmes have markedly reduced the incidence and mortality rates of the disease. A substantial amount of deaths from the disease could be prevented further by organised screening programmes or improving currently running programmes. METHODS/DESIGN: We present here a randomised evaluation trial design integrated to the Finnish cervical cancer screening programme, in order to evaluate renewal of the programme using emerging technological alternatives. The main aim of the evaluation is to assess screening effectiveness, using subsequent cancers as the outcome and screen-detected pre-cancers as surrogates. For the time being, approximately 863,000 women have been allocated to automation-assisted cytology, human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing, or to conventional cytology within the organised screening programme. Follow-up results on subsequent cervical cancers will become available during 2007–2015. DISCUSSION: Large-scale randomised trials are useful to clarify effectiveness and cost-effectiveness issues of the most important technological alternatives in the screening programmes for cervical cancer