Telling a good story: The effects of memory retrieval and context processing on eyewitness suggestibility.

Witnesses are likely to describe a crime many times before testifying or encountering misinformation about that crime. Research examining the effect of retrieval on later suggestibility has yielded mixed results. LaPaglia and Chan manipulated whether misinformation was presented in a narrative or misleading questions, and they found that retrieval increased suggestibility when misinformation was presented in a narrative, but reduced suggestibility when the same misinformation was presented in questions. In the current study, we aimed to address why these differences occurred. Specifically, we examined whether contextual detail and narrative coherence during misinformation exposure influenced the relation between retrieval and suggestibility. Participants watched a robbery video and some were questioned about the event afterwards. They were then exposed to misinformation presented in a narrative (Experiment 1) or questions (Experiment 2) before taking a final memory test. Testing enhanced suggestibility when the misinformation phase reinstated contextual information of the event, but not when the misinformation phase included few contextual details-regardless of whether the misinformation was in a narrative or questions. In Experiment 3, disrupting narrative coherence by randomizing the order of contextual information eliminated retrieval-enhanced suggestibility. Therefore, context processing during the post-event information phase influences whether retrieval enhances or reduces eyewitness suggestibility

The hyperthermophilic anaerobe Thermotoga Maritima is able to cope with limited amount of oxygen : insights into its defence strategies

Thermotoga maritima, an anaerobic hyperthermophilic bacterium, was found able to grow in the presence of low concentrations of oxygen of up to 0.5% (v/v). Differential proteomics and transcripts analysis by qRT-PCR were used to identify the defence strategies used by T. maritima to protect itself against oxygen. A flavoprotein, homologous to rubredoxin oxygen oxidoreductase was found to be overproduced when cells were cultured in oxidative conditions. The recombinant protein, produced in Escherichia coli, exhibited an oxygen reductase activity, which could account for the observed decrease in oxygen concentration during growth. The gene encoding this oxygen reductase belongs to a multicistronic unit that includes genes encoding proteins involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, which may be related to a biofilm formation induced by the presence of oxygen. Enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species detoxification, iron-sulfur centre synthesis/repair and the cysteine biosynthesis pathway were also overproduced. All these enzymatic systems together contribute to the defence strategy of T. maritima against oxygen. Because of the position of T. maritima in deep branches of the phylogenetic tree, we suggest that these strategies can be considered as ancestral mechanisms first developed by anaerobic microorganisms on the early Earth to protect themselves against primary abiotic or biotic oxygen production

Beliefs about Teaching (BATS2)-Construction and Validation of an Instrument based on InTASC Critical Dispositions

A team of researchers at two institutions revised and analyzed a battery of instruments to assess the Critical Dispositions (InTASC, 2013) required in the CAEP (2016a) accreditation standards for teacher education programs. This research presents initial findings for the revised version updating previous results from validity and reliability studies of the first version (Wilkerson & Lang, 2011). An in-depth study of one of the instruments, now in two forms, is presented. Version 2 was necessary because the standards providing an operational definition of the construct measured were updated. In this study, data were collected from teacher education students, in service teachers, and pre-school teachers (Form A = 1072; Form B = 372). Item analysis using Rasch modeling, results of a qualitative review of specific teacher candidates across multiple measures, and student/program improvement uses are discussed. The results indicated that evidence of validity and reliability is maintained in the new version, and student disposition measures were diagnostic and logical for students of different training and experience

Beliefs about Teaching (BATS2)-Construction and Validation of an Instrument based on InTASC Critical Dispositions

A team of researchers at two institutions revised and analyzed a battery of instruments to assess the Critical Dispositions (InTASC, 2013) required in the CAEP (2016a) accreditation standards for teacher education programs. This research presents initial findings for the revised version updating previous results from validity and reliability studies of the first version (Wilkerson & Lang, 2011). An in-depth study of one of the instruments, now in two forms, is presented. Version 2 was necessary because the standards providing an operational definition of the construct measured were updated. In this study, data were collected from teacher education students, in service teachers, and pre-school teachers (Form A = 1072; Form B = 372). Item analysis using Rasch modeling, results of a qualitative review of specific teacher candidates across multiple measures, and student/program improvement uses are discussed. The results indicated that evidence of validity and reliability is maintained in the new version, and student disposition measures were diagnostic and logical for students of different training and experience. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.17.8.