325 research outputs found
Outcomes of Treated Hypertension at Age 80 and Older: Cohort Analysis of 79,376 Individuals
This is the final version of the article. Available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.OBJECTIVES: To estimate outcomes according to
attained blood pressure (BP) in the oldest adults treated
for hypertension in routine family practice.
DESIGN: Cohort analysis of primary care inpatient and
death certificate data for individuals with hypertension.
SETTING: Primary care practices in England (Clinical
Practice Research Datalink).
PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 80 and older taking
antihypertensive medication and free of dementia, cancer,
coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and end-stage
renal failure at baseline.
MEASUREMENTS: Outcomes were mortality, cardiovascular
events, and fragility fractures. Systolic BP (SBP) was
grouped in 10-mmHg increments from less than 125 to
185 mmHg or more (reference 145–154 mmHg).
RESULTS: Myocardial infarction hazards increased linearly
with increasing SBP, and stroke hazards increased for
SBP of 145 mmHg or greater, although lowest mortality
was in individuals with SBP of 135 to 154 mmHg. Mortality
of the 13.1% of patients with SBP less than 135 mmHg
was higher than that of the reference group (Cox hazard
ratio=1.25, 95% confidence interval=1.19–1.31; equating
to one extra death per 12.6 participants). This difference
in mortality was consistent over short- and long-term follow-up;
adjusting for diastolic BP did not change the risk. Incident heart failure rates were higher in those with SBP
less than 125 mmHg than in the reference group.
CONCLUSION: In routine primary care, SBP less than
135 mmHg was associated with greater mortality in the
oldest adults with hypertension and free of selected potentially
confounding comorbidities. Although important confounders
were accounted for, observational studies cannot
exclude residual confounding. More work is needed to
establish whether unplanned SBPs less than 135 mmHg in
older adults with hypertension may be a useful clinical
sign of poor prognosis, perhaps requiring clinical review of
overall care.This work was supported in part by
the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) School
for Public Health Research Ageing Well programme
Bose-Hubbard model with occupation dependent parameters
We study the ground-state properties of ultracold bosons in an optical
lattice in the regime of strong interactions. The system is described by a
non-standard Bose-Hubbard model with both occupation-dependent tunneling and
on-site interaction. We find that for sufficiently strong coupling the system
features a phase-transition from a Mott insulator with one particle per site to
a superfluid of spatially extended particle pairs living on top of the Mott
background -- instead of the usual transition to a superfluid of single
particles/holes. Increasing the interaction further, a superfluid of particle
pairs localized on a single site (rather than being extended) on top of the
Mott background appears. This happens at the same interaction strength where
the Mott-insulator phase with 2 particles per site is destroyed completely by
particle-hole fluctuations for arbitrarily small tunneling. In another regime,
characterized by weak interaction, but high occupation numbers, we observe a
dynamical instability in the superfluid excitation spectrum. The new ground
state is a superfluid, forming a 2D slab, localized along one spatial direction
that is spontaneously chosen.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figure
Optimised Traffic Flow at a Single Intersection: Traffic Responsive signalisation
We propose a stochastic model for the intersection of two urban streets. The
vehicular traffic at the intersection is controlled by a set of traffic lights
which can be operated subject to fix-time as well as traffic adaptive schemes.
Vehicular dynamics is simulated within the framework of the probabilistic
cellular automata and the delay experienced by the traffic at each individual
street is evaluated for specified time intervals. Minimising the total delay of
both streets gives rise to the optimum signalisation of traffic lights. We
propose some traffic responsive signalisation algorithms which are based on the
concept of cut-off queue length and cut-off density.Comment: 10 pages, 11 eps figs, to appear in J. Phys.
Effectiveness of community interventions for protecting and promoting the mental health of working-age adults experiencing financial uncertainty: a systematic review
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has created a period of global economic uncertainty. Financial strain, personal debt, recent job loss and housing insecurity are important risk factors for the mental health of working-age adults. Community interventions have the potential to attenuate the mental health impact of these stressors. We examined the effectiveness of community interventions for protecting and promoting the mental health of working-age adults in high-income countries during periods of financial insecurity. METHODS: Eight electronic databases were systematically screened for experimental and observational studies published since 2000 measuring the effectiveness of community interventions on mental health outcomes. We included any non-clinical intervention that aimed to address the financial, employment, food or housing insecurity of participants. A review protocol was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42019156364) and results are reported in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. RESULTS: From 2326 studies screened, 15 met our inclusion criteria. Five categories of community intervention were identified: advice services colocated in healthcare settings; link worker social prescribing; telephone debt advice; food insecurity interventions; and active labour market programmes. In general, the evidence for effective and cost-effective community interventions delivered to individuals experiencing financial insecurity was lacking. From the small number of studies without a high risk of bias, there was some evidence that financial insecurity and associated mental health problems were amenable to change and differences by subpopulations were observed. CONCLUSION: There is a need for well-controlled studies and trials to better understand effective ingredients and to identify those interventions warranting wider implementation
Acceptability, feasibility, drug safety, and effectiveness of a pilot mass drug administration with a single round of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine plus primaquine and indoor residual spraying in communities with malaria transmission in Haiti, 2018
For a malaria elimination strategy, Haiti's National Malaria Control Program piloted a mass drug administration (MDA) with indoor residual spraying (IRS) in 12 high-transmission areas across five communes after implementing community case management and strengthened surveillance. The MDA distributed sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and single low-dose primaquine to eligible residents during house visits. The IRS campaign applied pirimiphos-methyl insecticide on walls of eligible houses. Pre- and post-campaign cross-sectional surveys were conducted to assess acceptability, feasibility, drug safety, and effectiveness of the combined interventions. Stated acceptability for MDA before the campaign was 99.2%; MDA coverage estimated at 10 weeks post-campaign was 89.6%. Similarly, stated acceptability of IRS at baseline was 99.9%; however, household IRS coverage was 48.9% because of the high number of ineligible houses. Effectiveness measured by Plasmodium falciparum prevalence at baseline and 10 weeks post-campaign were similar: 1.31% versus 1.43%, respectively. Prevalence of serological markers were similar at 10 weeks post-campaign compared with baseline, and increased at 6 months. No severe adverse events associated with the MDA were identified in the pilot; there were severe adverse events in a separate, subsequent campaign. Both MDA and IRS are acceptable and feasible interventions in Haiti. Although a significant impact of a single round of MDA/IRS on malaria transmission was not found using a standard pre- and post-intervention comparison, it is possible there was blunting of the peak transmission. Seasonal malaria transmission patterns, suboptimal IRS coverage, and low baseline parasitemia may have limited the effectiveness or the ability to measure effectiveness
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