Origens da Universidade Brasileira

Higher education was precariously installed in Brazil in colonial times, and during that period it led a difficult life. From the early nineteenth century on several institutions were founded and developed in different parts of the country. Those institutions were kept independent from one another without forming full universities until the beginning of the twentieth century, in a peculiar historical process that sets the country apart in this respect. This article examines this unique development and searches the past for the earliest origins of the nation's present university network

Planar Airfoils in Two-dimensional Aerodynamics by Non-linear Multidimensional Singular Integral Equations

Abstract Planar airfoils are studied for the unsteady flow motion in two-dimensional aerodynamics. Such problems are reduced to the solution of a non-linear multidimensional singular integral equation, when the form of the source and vortex strength distribution is dependent on the history of these distributions on the NACA airfoil surface. A turbulent boundary layer model is also proposed, based on the formulation of the unsteady behavior of the momentum integral equation. Finally, an application is given to the determination of the velocity and pressure coefficient field around an aircraft by assuming constant vortex distribution. Key Word and Phrases Non-linear Aerodynamics, Two-dimensional NACA airfoil, Non-linear Multidimensional Singular Integral Equations, Constant Vortex Distribution, Aircraft, Velocity & Pressure Coefficient Field. Introduction Over the last years a continuously increasing interest has been given to the non-linear singular integral equations by which are solved very important problems of aerodynamics and fluid mechanics, especially these referred to unsteady flows. The computational methods which are used for the numerical evaluation of the non-linear singular integral equations consist of the latest high technology to the solution of general problems of solid and fluid mechanics. For this reason such computational methods are continuously improved. The aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA airfoils are too important for the design of the new generation aircrafts, with very high speeds. This new technology aerodynamic problems are therefore reduced to the solution of non-linear singular integral equations, which are used for the determination of the velocity and pressure coefficient field around the NACA airfoils. Hence, special attention should be concentrated to such computational methods used for the solution of the above mentioned aerodynamic and fluid mechanics problems of unsteady flows. The Over the last years, several other scientists made extensive calculations by using unsteady turbulent boundary layer methods. Among them we shall mention

AB0583 REFERRAL PATTERN AND TREATMENT OF POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA IN GENERAL PRACTICE: AN INTERNATIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE BASED STUDY

Background In most countries polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is diagnosed and managed by both general practitioners (GP) and rheumatologists. However, the referral pattern from GP’s to specialist around the world has not been described. The initial prednisolone dose recommended by EULAR/ACR is between 12.5 and 25 mg1, but little is known about whether these guidelines are followed everywhere by GP’s in clinical practice2.Objectives This study aims to describe the refererral pattern and treatment strategy for PMR in general practice in several countries worldwide.Methods An English language questionnaire was drafted by a working group of rheumatologists and GP’s from 6 different countries. The questionnaire contained questions on: 1: Respondent, 2: Referral pattern and 3: Prednisolone. Questionnaires were distributed to GP’s via members of the International PMR/GCA study group. Answers were collected via an online survey tool (Redcap), from 3rd of November 2021 to 27th of January 2022. Countries with more than 15 responders to the questionnaire were included in the analysis.Results Data from 11 countries were analysed. Referral patterns differed widely among countries (Table 1). Almost all patients initially seen by rheumatologists were returned to GP’s for treatment. In all countries a proportion of the GP’s prescribed higher initial prednisolone doses than recommended, with a large variation between countries (Table 1).Conclusion Although many patients were referred to the hospital for initial PMR diagnosis or during the disease course, a large proportion of patients received treatment in general practice worldwide. GPs frequently use a higher starting dose of prednisolone and shorter treatment duration than recommended by EULAR/ACR