A resposta de incerteza a silogismos inválidos em crianças

This study analyses the uncertainty reasoning whichhappens in invalid syllogisms. It is proposed a kind of analysís whichhighlights the process through which the logical necessary uncertainty isreached, integrating the test situation and the dialogue with theexperimenter. 48 children aged seven and nine years old were tested in invalid syllogism problems. This task engaged the children in a previousagreement before an evaluation and justification explanation of thesyllogistic conclusion were required. The seven years old children used tochange their answers during the dialogue with the experimenter, finallyattaining the correct answer. With the nine years old children we found anincrease of the wrong answers, followed by uncertainty justifications. Thisfact can be due to the resistance of the uncertainty answers, evident inthe nines more than in the sevens or, also, to variations due to thedialogue with the experimenter. It is suggested that the process throughwhich the children attain the necessary uncertainty includes a mechanismfor highlighting the linguistic material which composes the syllogism,which include the initial agreement and also the dialogue with theexperimenter.Este estudo analisa o raciocínio de incerteza presente nos silogismos inválidos. Propõe-se uma análise do processo através do qual se atinge a incerteza necessária, integrando-se a situação de exame e o diálogo com o experimentador. Foram examinadas 48 crianças de sete e nove anos de idade diante de silogismos inválidos. A tarefa consistia em avaliar e justificar a conclusão sílogística, precedida em um acordo inicialmente estabelecido. Aos sete anos registraram-se mudanças de resposta que conduziram à incerteza a partir do diálogo com o experimentador. Aos nove anos ocorreu um aumento de respostas erradas com justificativasde incerteza. Este fato poderia decorrer tanto do repúdio por respostas de incerteza, que ocorreria caracteristicamente aos nove e não aos sete anos, como de variações devidas ao diálogo com o experimentador. Sugere-se que o processo através do qual as crianças abordam a incerteza necessária envolve mecanismos de recorte do material linguístico que compõe o silogismo, no qual se inserem o acordo inicial e o diálogo com o experimentador

Scholarly publishing depends on peer reviewers

The peer-review crisis is posing a risk to the scholarly peer-reviewed journal system. Journals have to ask many potential peer reviewers to obtain a minimum acceptable number of peers accepting reviewing a manuscript. Several solutions have been suggested to overcome this shortage. From reimbursing for the job, to eliminating pre-publication reviews, one cannot predict which is more dangerous for the future of scholarly publishing. And, why not acknowledging their contribution to the final version of the article published? PubMed created two categories of contributors: authors [AU] and collaborators [IR]. Why not a third category for the peer-reviewer?Scopu