Tourism Management and Industrial Ecology: A Theoretical Review

Industrial Ecology (IE) is based on the relation between the natural ecosystem and economic ecosystem. The concept refers to the metaphorical relation between the natural and industrial ecosystems as a model for transforming unsustainable industrial systems. Several tools and strategies are particularly significant for the IE development. In other words, the primary purpose of industrial ecology is to assess and reduce the impact economic activities on the environment. Tourism, as an economic activity, resulting in a full range of environmental impacts, should be treated like any other industry. This paper propose uses a theoretical review focused on IE for to investigate what is the best way to implement industrial ecology in the tourism activities. It seemed interesting to search within the IE concept for a model for the tourism sector, one of the fields with the greatest environmental interaction and economic implications

life cycle approach a critical review in the tourism sector

The concept of sustainability comes from the scientific literature that defines sustainable the management of a resource if, being known his ability to play, is not exceeded in its exploitation beyond a certain threshold defined critical natural capital [1]. In the past, economic growth has been achieved at the expense of natural resource depletion, without stocks being allowed to regenerate. Ecosystems have been widely degraded and biodiversity has been lost at an unprecedented pace [2,3]. In this sense, the concept of sustainability and development are not compatible with the degradation of heritage and natural resources (non-renewable and potentially exhaustible), but also with concepts mostly related to ethical and social values such as the violation of the human dignity and freedom, with poverty and economic decline and the lack of recognition of the rights and equal opportunities [4,5]. The three basic components of sustainability are therefore: - the ability to generate income and employment for the people's livelihood (economic sustainability) - the ability to generate conditions of human well-being, understood as the territory security, an equal distribution of health and civil rights (social sustainability); - the ability to maintain the same level of quality and reproducibility of natural resources (environmental sustainability

Sulfide weathering processes mediated by microfungi

This study aimed to experimentally investigate the interactions, the bioalteration, and the biocorrosion of sulfides mediated by three microfungi (Trichoderma harzianum group, Penicillium glandicola, P. brevicompactum) isolated within the open-air waste-rock dumps from Libiola mine (Liguria, Italy). Unaltered samples of pyrite-mineralizations from the same waste-rock dumps were ground and sieved into size fraction of 150-63 \u3bc m which resulted composed by single crystals of pyrite (>80 wt%), with minor quartz and trace amount of chalcopyrite. The mineral bioalteration tests were carried out for six weeks using Czapek-Dox agar medium (CZA). In each plate, four pyrite crystals or crystal fragments were set into the solid medium. After one week, pyrite grains were almost completely covered by mycelia of the three different fungi. The samples were examined, before and after the experimental procedure, using plane-polarized optical microscopy (transmitted- and reflected-light) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM-EDS). The ESEM analyses were performed in low-vacuum mode for the micromorphological analyses to characterize the evolution of the mineralfungi interactions during the different experimental steps. After six weeks covered by mycelia, the pyrite grains were collected and analyzed revealing that the surface of pyrite crystals was strongly corroded in all experimental tests. ESEM images underlined how pyrite alteration was strictlty associated with biological patterns (curves, rounded cracks, and sinuous traces). Corrosion patterns and etching pits were not related to specific crystallographic planes or weakness, but were randomly distributed on the crystal surfaces, in particular in correspondence of the fungal hyphae attachment. Moreover, in the same temporal interval, the control experiment performed in abiotic conditions did not show any dissolution evidences thus suggesting that in absence of fungal interactions the pyrite weathering did not occur or was much slower. The experimental results evidenced the active role of fungi in the pyrite crystal weathering and suggested that sulfide alteration was not only the consequence of the interactions between metabolites secreted by fungi and minerals, but there was also a possible bio-mechanical role of hyphae in corrosion through penetration, boring, and burrowing along weak crystal planes or microfractures. Finally, the evidences of biocorrosion led to evaluate the important role of fungi in the iron and sulfur cycles in sulfide-bearing materials, since fungal alteration systematically triggers sulfide to sulfate oxidation, causing local gypsum and Fe-oxyhydroxides precipitation within mycelium structure

Assessment of biventricular function by three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in adolescents and young adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection. a pilot study.

Background. The purpose of the study was to assess biventricular parameters of wall deformation with three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) in adolescents and young adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) on antiretroviral therapy in order to detect a possible subclinical myocardial dysfunction. Methods. Twenty-one patients aged 12 to 39years with HIV, 21 normal controls of the same age and sex, and 21 patients with idiopathic non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were studied with 3DSTE. All HIV patients were stable in terms of HIV infection, with no history of heart disease or other chronic systemic disease except HIV infection, and were on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with good immunological control. Standard echocardiographic measures of LV-RV function were assessed. 3D LV global longitudinal strain (GLS), circumferential strain, radial strain and LV twist (TW) were calculated. Global area strain (GAS) was calculated by 3DSTE as percentage variation in surface area defined by the longitudinal and circumferential strain vectors. 3D right ventricular (RV) global and free-wall longitudinal strain were obtained. Results. LV GLS and GAS were lower in HIV patients compared to normal controls (p=0.002, and p=0.01, respectively). There were no significant differences in LV ejection fractions between the groups. There was a weak positive correlation between LV GLS and age (r=0.215, p=0.034) and a weak negative correlation between LV GLS and nadir-CD4 T-cells count (r=0.198, p=0.043). DCM patients had more marked and widespread reduction in LV GLS and GAS compared to controls (p<0.001), whereas in HIV patients LV strain impairment (p<0.05) was more localized in basal and apical regions. RV free-wall longitudinal strain was significantly reduced in HIV patients when compared with the control group (p=0.03). No patient had pulmonary systolic pressure higher than 35mmHg. Conclusions. Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography may help to identify HIV patients at high cardiovascular risk allowing early detection of biventricular dysfunction in the presence of normal LV ejection fraction and in the absence of pulmonary hypertension. LV strain impairment in HIV patients is less prominent and widespread compared to DCM patients

On Reenactment: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools

This book brings together dance and visual arts scholars to investigate the key methodological and theoretical issues concerning reenactment. Along with becoming an effective and widespread contemporary artistic strategy, reenactment is taking shape as a new anti-positivist approach to the history of dance and art, undermining the notion of linear time and suggesting new temporal encounters between past, present, and future. As such, reenactment has contributed to a move towards different forms of historical thinking and understanding that embrace cultural studies – especially intertwining gender, postcolonial, and environmental issues – in the redefinition of knowledge, historical discourses, and memory. This approach also involves questioning canons and genealogies by destabilising authorship and challenging both institutional and direct forms of transmission. The structure of the book playfully recalls that of a theatrical performance, with both an overture and prelude, to provide space for a series of theoretical and practice-based insights – the solos – and conversations – the duets – by artists, critics, curators, and theorists who have dealt with reenactment. The main purpose of this book is to demonstrate how reenactment as a strategy of appropriation, circulation, translation, and transmission can contribute to understanding history both in its perpetual becoming and as a process of reinvention, renarration, and resignification from an interdisciplinary perspective

Aeolian dust falls in northern Italy in autumn 1996: chemical and mineralogical comparison

peer reviewedThis paper describes two dust fall events in Genoa and Turin (northern Italy) on 12 November 1996 and 7 December 1996 respectively. Meteorological data suggest that the dust-bearing rain that fell on Genoa originated in north-eastern Morocco, where dust mobilisation was reported two days earlier, and had been carried straight to the north-western Italian coast by very strong winds. But the dust fall observed in Turin was not characterised by any specific synoptic situation inducing dust transport from the southern Mediterranean. The analyses include a quantitative and a qualitative study of two dust samples collected in downtown Genoa and Turin. The total amounts of dust that fell give two very high values of 4.05 g m-2 for Genoa and 0.54 g m-2 for Turin. The median sizes of the dust particles were 14.6 µm and 25.8 µm respectively. Most of the dust material collected in Genoa showed a yellowish-brown to red colour due to surface weathering by ferric hydroxides, and was sometimes coated with clayey particles. This attests to the Saharan origin of the particles. On the contrary, only 15% of the material sampled in Turin was coated with red-like clayey material from the desert. A large part of the sample was covered with a carbon-like substance. In addition, the proportion of organic matter (pollen grains and seeds) and anthropogenic fibrous material was much higher. This suggests that the dust fall observed in Turin very likely originated from local pollution mixed with a low proportion of long-distance Saharan dust