Adherence to a healthy eating index from pre-school to school age and its associations with sociodemographic and early life factors

Childhood is considered an important period for the development of healthy eating behaviours. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of early life factors and sociodemographic characteristics, including early diet quality, on diet quality at 7 years. The sample includes 5013 children evaluated at the ages of 4 and 7 years from the Portuguese birth cohort Generation XXI with complete information on FFQ. A healthy eating index was developed at both ages to assess adherence to the WHO’s dietary recommendations, including eight food groups. Consumption quartiles were obtained for each group at 4 years and assigned a score between 1 and 4. A higher score represents a higher adherence to a better diet (range: 8 to 32). The associations between early life factors and sociodemographic characteristics and the score of the healthy eating index at 7 years were evaluated through linear regression models. The healthy eating index had an average score of 21⋅4 ± 3⋅53 (range: 12 to 32) at 4 years and 20⋅3 ± 3⋅36 (range: 11 to 31) at 7 years. After adjustment for confounders, a positive association was found between the healthy eating index at 4 and 7 years (β = 0⋅384, 95 % CI 0⋅356, 0⋅441). Maternal years of education (β = 0⋅094, 95 % CI 0⋅071, 0⋅116) and dietary score (β = 0⋅182, 95 % CI 0⋅155, 0⋅209) were positively associated with increasing dietary quality from 4 to 7 years. A healthier diet at preschool age, higher maternal education and a healthier diet increase the likelihood of maintaining a high healthy eating index score at school age.The authors gratefully acknowledge the families enrolled in Generation XXI for their kindness, all members of the research team for their enthusiasm and perseverance and the participating hospitals and their staff for their help and support. The authors acknowledge the support from the Epidemiology Research Unit (EPI-Unit: UID-DTP/04750/2013). Generation XXI was funded by the Health Operational Programme – Saúde XXI, Community Support Framework III and the Regional Department of Ministry of Health. It was supported by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, by FEDER from the Operational Programme Factors of Competitiveness – COMPETE and through national funding from the Foundation for Science and Technology – FCT (Portuguese Ministry of Education and Science) under the project PTDC/SAU-EPI/121532/2010 (FEDER-Operational Programme Factors of Competitiveness – COMPETE – FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-021177), and the PhD grant SFRH/BD/92389/2013 (S. V.). FCT had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this article. The authors’ contributions are as follows: M. P. C. was responsible for the analysis and interpretation of the data and wrote the first draft of the paper; C. D., C. L. and S. V. were also responsible for the analysis and interpretation of the data. All authors contributed to the concept and design of the study and paper review. There were no conflicts of interest

The influence of culture in international leadership

The numerous amount of studies that have been done through the years within the field of culture and, specifically organizational culture, says a lot regarding the important of the matter in organizations. Nowadays, it seems more and more important to demystify the concept of culture, so that organizations and its leaders, especially those operating worldwide, may take the most advantage possible from it, in order to have satisfied employees, satisfied managers and satisfied investors. The objective of this article is to help understanding, from theory to practice, what is culture is for an international organization, the importance of knowledge management and, lastly, the role of the leader as influencer of culture and transmitter of culture top-to-bottom.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Manejo da mancha angular (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mangiferae indica) na produção integrada de manga.

bitstream/CPATSA/33055/1/INT63.pd

Embryogenic calli induced in interspecific (Elaeis guineensis x E. oleifera) hybrid zygotic embryos.

Cruzamentos de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) com caiaué (E. oleifera) visam obter progênies que sejam produtivas como o dendê mas com menor porte e resistentes ao amarelecimento fatal como o caiaué. Clonagem de progênies F1, RC1 e RC2 pode possibilitar a realização de experimentos de seleção com réplicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi induzir a embriogênese somática em embriões zigóticos híbridos coletados 100 dias depois da polinização. Três progênies foram cultivadas em meio desenvolvido para embriões Tenera (E. guineensis tp. dura x pisifera). O número de embriões apresentando calli e germinando foi registrado e submetido ao teste Z. Calli foram pesados e submetidos a análise histológica. As progênies diferiram no número de embriões com plúmulas e calli simultaneamente. No nono mês, os ápices de embriões somáticos parcialmente desenvolvidos foram observados projetando-se da superfície dos calli nodulares. Calli secundários altamente embriogênicos e friáveis produzindo embriões somáticos no estádio globular não foram observados