Effect of feeding fat or intrajugular infusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin on dry matter intake, digestibility, and digesta rate of passage in growing wethers

A cause and effect relationship between glucagon-like peptide 1 (7, 36) amide (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK) and DMI regulation has not been established in ruminants. Three randomized complete block experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feeding fat or infusing GLP-1 or CCK intravenously on DMI, nutrient digestibility, and Cr rate of passage (using Cr(2)O(3) as a marker) in wethers. A total of 18 Targhee × Hampshire wethers (36.5 ± 2.5 kg of BW) were used, and each experiment consisted of four 21-d periods (14 d for adaptation and 7 d for infusion and sampling). Wethers allotted to the control treatments served as the controls for all 3 experiments; experiments were performed simultaneously. The basal diet was 60% concentrate and 40% forage. In Exp. 1, treatments were the control (0% added fat) and addition of 4 or 6% Ca salts of palm oil fatty acids (DM basis). Treatments in Exp. 2 and 3 were the control and 3 jugular vein infusion dosages of GLP-1 (0.052, 0.103, or 0.155 µg•kg of BW(-1)•d(-1)) or CCK (0.069, 0.138, or 0.207 µg•kg of BW(-1)•d(-1)), respectively. Increases in plasma GLP-1 and CCK concentrations during hormone infusions were comparable with increases observed when increasing amounts of fat were fed. Feeding fat and infusion of GLP-1 tended (linear, P = 0.12; quadratic, P = 0.13) to decrease DMI. Infusion of CCK did not affect (P > 0.21) DMI. Retention time of Cr in the total gastrointestinal tract decreased (linear, P < 0.01) when fat was fed, but was not affected by GLP-1 or CCK infusion. In conclusion, jugular vein infusion produced similar plasma CCK and GLP-1 concentrations as observed when fat was fed. The effects of feeding fat on DMI may be partially regulated by plasma concentration of GLP-1, but are not likely due solely to changes in a single hormone concentration

Plasma ghrelin and oxytomodulin concentrations in lactating dairy cows receiving abomasal soybean oil, corn starch, and casein infusions

The effects of increased postruminal supply of casein, corn starch, and soybean oil on plasma concentrations of the gastrointestinal hormones ghrelin and oxyntomodulin (OXM) were investigated. Four mid-lactation Holstein cows were used in a 4×4 Latin square. Treatments were continuous abomasal infusions (23h/d) for 7 d of water, soybean oil (500g/d), corn starch (1100g/d), or casein (800g/d). Jugular vein plasma was obtained every 30min for 7h on days 1 and 7. Soybean oil and casein infusion decreased preprandial plasma ghrelin concentration by approximately 20% on both d (time-by-treatment P0.20). The present data indicate that plasma ghrelin concentration is depressed immediately before feeding by the postruminal infusion of soybean oil and casein, but it is not affected during the postprandial period. Plasma ghrelin concentration was not altered (P>0.20), pre- or postfeeding, by increased postruminal supply of corn starch. In addition, plasma OXM concentration did not respond (P>0.20) to postruminal nutrient infusion. In conclusion, a decrease in DMI when fat is infused could be partially explained by the decrease in prefeeding plasma ghrelin concentration, but a decrease in prefeeding plasma ghrelin concentration is not always associated with a decrease in DMI, as observed for the infusion of casein. Plasma OXM concentration was not affected by postruminal infusion of macronutrients

Effect of feed restriction and supplemental dietary fat on gut peptide and hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNA concentrations in growing wethers

The objectives of the present study were 1) to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat and ME intake on plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, ghrelin, and oxyntomodulin; and 2) to determine the association of these peptides with DMI and the hypothalamic concentration of mRNA for the following neuropeptides: neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and proopiomelanocortin (POMC). In a completely randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, 32 pens with 2 wethers each were restricted-fed (2.45 Mcal/lamb per day) or offered diets ad libitum (n = 16) with or without 6% supplemental fat (n = 16) for a period of 30 d. Dry matter intake was measured daily. On d 8, 15, 22, and 29, BW was measured before feeding, and 6 h after feeding, blood samples were collected for plasma measurement of insulin, GLP-1, CCK, ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, oxyntomodulin, glucose, and NEFA concentrations. On d 29, blood was collected 30 min before feeding for the same hormone and metabolite analyses. At the end of the experiment, wethers were slaughtered and the hypothalami were collected to measure concentrations of NPY, AgRP, and POMC mRNA. Offering feed ad libitum (resulting in greater ME intake) increased plasma insulin and NEFA concentrations (P = 0.02 and 0.02, respectively) and decreased hypothalamic mRNA expression of NPY and AgRP (P = 0.07 and 0.02, respectively) compared with the restricted-fed wethers. There was a trend for the addition of dietary fat to decrease DMI (P = 0.12). Addition of dietary fat decreased insulin and glucose concentrations (P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively) and tended to increase hypothalamic mRNA concentrations for NPY and AgRP (P = 0.07 and 0.11, respectively). Plasma GLP-1 and CCK concentrations increased in wethers offered feed ad libitum compared with restricted-fed wethers, but the response was greater when wethers were offered feed ad libitum and had supplemental fat in the diet (fat x intake interaction, P = 0.04). The prefeeding plasma ghrelin concentration was greater in restricted-fed wethers compared with those offered feed ad libitum, but the concentrations were similar 6 h after feeding (intake x time interaction, P < 0.01). Supplemental dietary fat did not affect (P = 0.22) plasma ghrelin concentration. We conclude that insulin, ghrelin, CCK, and GLP-1 may regulate DMI in sheep by regulating the hypothalamic gene expression of NPY, AgRP, and POMC

Prepartum dietary energy source fed to beef cows: II. Effects on progeny postnatal growth, glucose tolerance, and carcass composition

Mature Angus-cross beef cows (n = 228) were used to evaluate effects of prepartum dietary energy source on postnatal growth and carcass composition of progeny in a 2-yr study. Starting at approximately 160 d of gestation, cows were fed diets consisting of 1 of 3 primary energy sources: grass hay (HY), corn (CN), or dried corn distillers grains with solubles (DG). The CN and DG diets were limit-fed to achieve similar energy intakes as cows fed HY. Following parturition, cows were fed a common diet and managed as a single group. Calves were weaned at an average of 185 ± 6 d of age and backgrounded for 28 d. A subset of progeny (n = 134) was individually fed a common finishing diet until slaughter, when each calf reached 1.2 ± 0.05 cm of backfat. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) was conducted in year 2 on 4 calves/treatment after 41 and 111 d on the finishing diet (DOF). Calf birth weights were greater (P = 0.002) in calves from cows fed CN and DG than calves from cows fed HY, and weaning BW (P = 0.08) was less for calves from cows fed HY vs. CN. Receiving BW, final BW, and HCW did not differ (P ≥ 0.16) among treatments. No difference (P ≥ 0.28) in ADG, morbidity, and mortality from birth to slaughter was observed among treatments. In response to a GTT, increased DOF resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.005) fasting insulin, faster glucose disappearance rate, and greater insulin:glucose area under the curve ratio. Glucose disappearance rate was greater (P = 0.01) in calves from cows fed CN than in calves from cows fed HY or DG. A greater initial insulin response (P = 0.005) was observed in calves from cows fed CN or DG than in calves from cows fed HY. Carcass traits used to measure yield grade did not differ (P ≥ 0.19) among treatments. Calves from dams fed CN had the lowest marbling score (P = 0.03) and intramuscular fat content (P = 0.07). These results indicate that prepartum maternal dietary energy source can alter fetal adipose tissue development and insulin sensitivity resulting in long-term effects on progeny's intramuscular fat deposition. Moreover, present findings suggest that increasing the number of days on a corn-based finishing diet increases insulin resistance in beef cattle.Fil: Radunz, A. E.. Ohio State University; Estados UnidosFil: Fluharty, F. L.. Ohio State University; Estados UnidosFil: Relling, Alejandro Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Felix, T. L.. University of Illinois. Urbana - Champaign; Estados UnidosFil: Shoup, L. M.. University of Illinois. Urbana - Champaign; Estados UnidosFil: Zerby, H.N.. Ohio State University; Estados UnidosFil: Loerch, S.C.. Ohio State University; Estados Unido

Concentrados protéicos para bovinos: 1. Digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca e da proteína bruta Protein concentrates for bovines: 1. In situ digestibility of dry matter and crude protein

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a degradação ruminal, pela técnica in situ, da matéria seca (MS) e da proteína bruta (PB) de 10 concentrados protéicos. As degradações potenciais da MS e da PB das farinhas de origem vegetal, soja, algodão, mamona e palmiste, mostraram-se elevadas (próximas a 100%), porém em função de taxas de degradação mais altas para o farelo de soja (10%) e menores para o algodão (4%), mamona (MS:3%; PB:1,2%) e palmiste (1,7%), as degradabilidades efetivas (DE) foram bem superiores para o farelo de soja, independentemente da taxa de passagem, o que a torna a fonte protéica de maior disponibilidade ruminal. O glúten de milho mostrou ser uma fonte protéica de baixa degradabilidade ruminal (DE da PB: 16% para 0,05 de taxa de passagem). Dentre os alimentos de origem animal, a maior degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta foi verificada para a farinha de carne e ossos ( 75,5%), seguida das farinhas de peixe I (58,5%), de penas e vísceras (52,3%) e de sangue (36,7%). A maior degradabilidade efetiva para a taxa de passagem de 5% foi a da farinha de carne e ossos (51%), seguida da farinha de peixe I (41%), de penas e vísceras (40,0%) e de sangue (33%). A farinha de peixe II apresentou valores muito baixos de degradabilidade, apenas 22% com 48h de incubação ruminal.<br>This work aimed to determine the in situ rumen digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) using 10 protein sources. Potential degradabilities of DM and CP of soybean meal, cottonseed meal, castorbean meal and palmist coconut meal were high (around 100%), however due to higher fractional degradation rates of soybean meal (10%) and lower for cottonseed meal (4%), castorbean meal (DM:3%, CP:1.2%) and palmist meal (1.7%), the effective degradability (ED) of soybean was significantly higher despite the rates of passage, showing this protein source has the highest ruminal nitrogen availability (from 86% to 63%, as rate of passage increased from 2 to 8%). Gluten meal is a low rumen degradable protein source (ED of CP: 16% for 0.05 passage rate). Among protein sources of animal origin, the highest potential CP degradability was observed for meat and bone meal (75.5%), followed by fish meal I (58.5%), feather and viscera meal (52.3%), and blood meal (36.7%). The highest ED for a passage rate of 5% was observed for meat and bone meal (51%), followed by fish meal I (41%), feather and viscera meal (40%) and blood meal (33%). Fish meal II showed very low rumen degradability with only 22% of CP disappearance at 48 hours of incubation

Substituição do feno de "Coastcross" (Cynodon sp.) por casca de soja na alimentação de borregas confinadas Replacement of coastcross hay by soybean hulls in ewe lambs diets

Quarenta e oito borregas da raça Santa Inês (23,1kg de peso vivo e 124 dias de idade) foram utilizadas para avaliar os efeitos da substituição do feno de "Coastcross" por casca de soja (CS) no desempenho em confinamento. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos completos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. As dietas experimentais foram isonitrogenadas e continham a mesma quantidade de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). A casca de soja foi incluída nas proporções de 0; 12,5; 25 e 37,5% da matéria seca das dietas correspondendo aos tratamentos experimentais 0CS, 12,5CS, 25CS e 37,5CS, respectivamente. A FDN da CS substituiu 0; 25; 50 e 75% da FDN do feno. Houve efeito linear crescente (P<0,01) para consumo de matéria seca (0,95; 1,02; 1,08 e 1,20kg dia-1) e para ganho de peso diário (113; 137; 150 e 187g dia-1) e redução linear (P<0,01) na conversão alimentar (8,55; 7,20; 7,11 e 6,25kg de MS kg de ganho-1), com a inclusão da casca de soja. A casca de soja adicionada em dietas para borregas até 37,5% da MS melhora o desempenho, fazendo com que os animais alcancem o peso de cobrição mais rápido.<br>Forty-eight Santa Ines ewe lambs (23.1kg BW and 124 days old) were used to evaluate the replacement of coastcross hay by soybean hulls on feedlot performance. Animals were assigned to a complete randomized block design with four diets and six replicates. All diets were isonitrogenous and contained the same amount of NDF. Soybean hulls replaced hay at 0%, 12.5%, 25% or 37.5% on DM basis, corresponding to the experimental treatments OCS, 12.5CS, 25CS and 37.5CS, respectively. Soybean hulls NDF replaced hay NDF at 0, 25, 50 and 75%. There was a linear increased response (P<0.01) on dry matter intake (0.95, 1.02, 1.08 and 1.20kg day-1) and average daily gain (113, 137, 150 and 187g day-1) and a linear improvement (P<0.01) on feed conversion (8.55, 7.20, 7.11 and 6.25kg of DM kg of gain-1) when soybean hulls were added to the diet. When soybean hulls are added to the diet (up to 37.5%, DM basis) there is an improvement on animal performance and the ewe lambs attain breeding weight faster

Consumo de nutrientes e desempenho de cordeiros alimentados com dietas que contêm diferentes níveis de fibra em detergente neutro Intake of nutrients and performance of lambs fed with diets containing different levels of neutral detergent fiber

Este estudo foi conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, no período de agosto a dezembro de 2003. O objetivo foi avaliar o consumo de nutrientes e o desempenho de cordeiros machos, não castrados, cruzados Ile de France x Texel, submetidos a quatro níveis de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN): 25%, 31%, 37% e 43%. O volumoso utilizado foi a silagem de sorgo híbrido (AG 2005 E) e o concentrado foi composto de milho em grão triturado, farelo de soja, sal comum, calcário calcítico e fosfato bicálcico. As dietas dos quatro tratamentos eram isoprotéicas, contendo 17% de proteína bruta. Foram utilizados 20 cordeiros desmamados em média aos 42 dias de idade e abatidos quando atingiram 30kg de peso vivo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramento casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Foram avaliados os consumos de nutrientes, o ganho de peso médio diário (GMD), a conversão alimentar (CA) e o número de dias que os cordeiros levaram para atingir o peso vivo ao abate de 30kg. A adição de níveis crescentes de FDN à dieta ocasionou um decréscimo linear nos consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, carboidratos totais e carboidratos não estruturais. Por outro lado, aumentou linearmente o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. Verificou-se redução linear do GMD e piora na CA com o aumento do teor de fibra na ração, o que proporcionou uma elevação linear no número de dias que os cordeiros levaram para atingir o peso de abate.<br>This study was conducted at the Animal Science Department of Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, from August to December 2003. The aim was to evaluate the food intake and performance of male lambs, non-castrated, crossbreed Ile de France x Texel, submitted to four levels of NDF: 25%, 31%, 37% and 43%. The roughage used was a hybrid sorghum silage (AG 2005 E) and the concentrate was composed of ground corn, soybean meal, common salt, limestone and dicalcium phosphate. The four diets were isoproteic with 17% of crude protein. Twenty lambs, with an average of 42 days old were used in the experiment and slaughtered when they reach 30kg live weight. The experimental design was completely ramdomized, with four treatments and five replications. The intake of nutrients, daily average weigh gain (DWG) feed conversion (FC) and the number of days to the reachr 30kg of live weight were evaluated. The addition of increasing levels of NDF to the diet caused a linear decrease in the intake of dry matter (DMI), organic matter (OMI), crude protein (CPI), ethereal extract (EEI), total carbohydrates (TCHOI) and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCI). On the other hand, the consumption of neutral detergent fiber (NDFI) and acid detergent fiber (ADFI) increased linearly with the increase of NDF in the diets. The increase of the fiber level in the diet resulted in linear reduction in DWG and in FC, which caused a linear increase in the amount of days to lambs reach the slaughter weight

Avaliação da Composição de Vários Alimentos e Determinação da Cinética Ruminal da Proteína, Utilizando o Método de Produção de Gás e Amônia in Vitro Chemical Composition Evaluation and Ruminal Protein Kinetics of Some Feedstuffs Using a Gas and Ammonia Production in vitro Method

Realizaram-se determinações químicas e estudos sobre a cinética ruminal dos compostos nitrogenados de 24 alimentos concentrados e 10 volumosos, utilizando as medições das concentrações de nitrogênio solúvel em ácido tricloroacético e a produção de gás. Foram utilizados 200 mL de líquido ruminal e 800 mL do meio fermentador para a incubação de 100 tubos. Para 400 mL do meio fermentador foi pesado 1,0 g de trypticase e adicionado 0,1 mL de uma solução de microminerais. Para 200 mL da solução tampão pesaram-se 0,8 g de bicarbonato de amônia e 7 g de bicarbonato de sódio e, para preparar 200 mL da solução de macrominerais, foram pesados 1,15 g de fosfato de sódio dibásico, 1,25 g de fosfato de potássio dibásico e 0,1 g de sulfato de magnésio. Foram preparados 100 mL de solução redutora, pesando 0,64 g de cisteína-HCL, 0,64 g de sulfeto de sódio, adicionando-se 4 mL de hidróxido de sódio 1N e água destilada. A degradação dos compostos nitrogenados dos alimentos foi determinada nos tempos 6 e 12 horas, incubando-se 1,875 mg de N com 0, 33, 67 e 100 mg de amido, 6 mL do meio fermentador, 4 mL da mistura líquido ruminal-meio fermentador e 0,1 mL da solução redutora utilizando-se CO2. As estimativas das taxas de degradação, nos tempos 6 e 12 horas, mostraram que farelo de glúten de milho, caseína, grão moído de amendoim, raspa de mandioca, silagem de sorgo com e sem inóculo, silagem de milho e capim-gordura apresentaram proteínas de rápida degradação. A mais lenta degradação foi observada para os alimentos: levedura de cana-de-açúcar, farinha de penas, farinha de peixe, cama de frango de cepilha de madeira e capim-braquiária. As estimativas foram maiores que as observadas previamente com o método de inibidores, para os alimentos volumosos. Recomenda-se utilizar o tempo de 12 horas para a avaliação dos concentrados e 6 horas para os volumosos.<br>Chemical determinations and kinetics studies of nitrogen compounds of 24 concentrate feedstuffs and 10 grasses were made using the concentrations of soluble nitrogen in TCA and gas production. It was used 200 mL of ruminal fluid and 800 mL of medium for 100 vessels. It was used 1.0 g of trypticase and 0.1 mL of microminerals solution to prepare 400 mL of medium. It was used 0.8 g of ammonium bicarbonate and 7 g of sodium bicarbonate to prepare 200 mL of buffer solution and, to prepare 200 mL of macromineral solution, 1.15 g of Na2HPO4 anhydrous, 1.25 g of KH2PO4 anhydrous and 0.1 g of MgSO4.7H2O were weighed. Reducing solution was prepared with 0.64 g of cysteine-HCL, 0.64 g of sodium sulfide and 4 mL of 1N NaOH. The disappearance of nitrogen compounds of feedstuffs was determined at 6 and 12 hours, where 1.875 mg of N was incubated with 0, 33, 67, 100 mg oh starch, 6 mL of medium, 4 mL of ruminal fluid-medium mixture and 0.1 mL of reducing solution using CO2. Data of degradation rates indicated that corn gluten feed, casein, dry grounded peanut grain, cassava rasp, sorghum silage with or without inoculum, corn silage and honeygrass showed the highest rates of protein degradation and the slowest degradation rates were obtained by sugar cane yeast, feather meal, fish meal, broiler litter using wood rind as adsorvent and signalgrass. Estimates of degradation rates of forage feedstuffs were higher than degradation rates estimated previously by an inhibitor method. It is recommended to use 12 hours for incubation of concentrate feedstuffs and 6 hours for grasses