Prevalence and determinants of child undernutrition and stunting in semiarid region of Brazil

OBJECTIVE : To analyze the evolution in the prevalence and determinants of malnutrition in children in the semiarid region of Brazil. METHODS : Data were collected from two cross-sectional population-based household surveys that used the same methodology. Clustering sampling was used to collect data from 8,000 families in Ceará, Northeastern Brazil, for the years 1987 and 2007. Acute undernutrition was calculated as weight/age < -2 standard deviation (SD); stunting as height/age < -2 SD; wasting as weight/height < -2 SD. Data on biological and sociodemographic determinants were analyzed using hierarchical multivariate analyses based on a theoretical model. RESULTS : A sample of 4,513 and 1,533 children under three years of age, in 1987 and 2007, respectively, were included in the analyses. The prevalence of acute malnutrition was reduced by 60.0%, from 12.6% in 1987 to 4.7% in 2007, while prevalence of stunting was reduced by 50.0%, from 27.0% in 1987 to 13.0% in 2007. Prevalence of wasting changed little in the period. In 1987, socioeconomic and biological characteristics (family income, mother’s education, toilet and tap water availability, children’s medical consultation and hospitalization, age, sex and birth weight) were significantly associated with undernutrition, stunting and wasting. In 2007, the determinants of malnutrition were restricted to biological characteristics (age, sex and birth weight). Only one socioeconomic characteristic, toilet availability, remained associated with stunting. CONCLUSIONS : Socioeconomic development, along with health interventions, may have contributed to improvements in children’s nutritional status. Birth weight, especially extremely low weight (< 1,500 g), appears as the most important risk factor for early childhood malnutrition

Determinants of using pacifier and bottle feeding

OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors associated with the use of pacifiers and/or bottle feeding in infants aged under one year. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with 34,366 children and using data from the database of the 2nd Nationwide Survey of Breastfeeding Prevalence performed in the Brazilian capitals and Federal District in 2008. Cluster sampling was used. The questionnaire included questions about the use of artificial nipples in the last 24 hours. The analysis considered three outcomes: exclusive use of pacifier, exclusive use of bottle feeding, and use of artificial nipples (pacifier and bottle feeding). Prevalence ratios were obtained using Poisson regression with robust variance following a hierarchical model. RESULTS The following factors were associated with exclusive use of the pacifier: mother working outside the home, primiparity, child was not breastfed within the first hour, and child had consumed tea on the first day at home. The following factors were associated with exclusive use of bottle feeding: mother working outside the home, primiparity, low birth weight, child not breastfed within the first hour, and child had consumed milk formula and tea on the first day at home. The following factors were associated with use of artificial nipples (pacifier and bottle feeding): mother working outside the home, primiparity, cesarean delivery, the male gender, low birth weight, born in a hospital not accredited as “baby friendly”, required health baby monitoring in the Primary Health Care Unit (PR = 0.91), and child had consumed milk formula, water, or tea on the first day at home. CONCLUSIONS This study identified profiles of exclusive users of pacifiers, bottle feeding, and both. The provided information can guide preventive practices for child health

Fatores associados à amamentação na primeira hora de vida

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à amamentação na primeira hora de vida (Passo 4 da Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança). MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal com amostra representativa de parturientes em maternidades do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, entre 1999 e 2001. Foram excluídos recém-nascidos ou mães com restrição ao aleitamento materno, resultando em amostra de 8.397 binômios. Foi adotado modelo Poisson com efeitos aleatórios ao nível das maternidades, em abordagem hierarquizada com três níveis: distal, intermediário e proximal para características maternas, do recém-nascido, e de assistência ao pré-natal e hospitalar. RESULTADOS: Amamentaram na primeira hora de vida 16% das mães. O aleitamento materno nesse período foi menos prevalente entre os recém-nascidos com intercorrências imediatas após o parto (RP = 0,47; IC99% 0,15;0,80); entre as mães que não tiveram contato com os recém-nascidos na sala de parto (RP = 0,62; IC99% 0,29;0,95), as que tiveram parto cesariano (RP = 0,48; IC99% 0,24;0,72); e cujo parto ocorreu em maternidade privada (RP = 0,06; IC99% 0,01;0,19) ou conveniada com o Sistema Único de Saúde (RP = 0,16; IC99% 0,01;0,30). O efeito de contexto das maternidades foi estatisticamente significativo. CONCLUSÕES: Em nível individual, a amamentação na primeira hora de nascimento foi prejudicada por práticas inadequadas nas maternidades, em particular as privadas e conveniadas com o Sistema Único de Saúde. O efeito de grupo das maternidades e a ausência de fatores individuais maternos que expliquem o desfecho sugerem que as mães têm pouco ou nenhum poder de decisão sobre essa amamentação e dependem das práticas institucionais vigentes nas maternidades