Relationship between alcohol-attributable disease and socioeconomic status, and the role of alcohol consumption in this relationship: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Studies show that alcohol consumption appears to have a disproportionate impact on people of low socioeconomic status. Further exploration of the relationship between alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status and the development of chronic alcohol-attributable diseases is therefore important to inform the development of effective public health programmes. Methods: We used systematic review methodology to identify published studies of the association between socioeconomic factors and mortality and morbidity for alcohol-attributable conditions. To attempt to quantify differences in the impact of alcohol consumption for each condition, stratified by SES, we (i) investigated the relationship between SES and risk of mortality or morbidity for each alcohol-attributable condition, and (ii) where, feasible explored alcohol consumption as a mediating or interacting variable in this relationship. Results: We identified differing relationships between a range of alcohol-attributable conditions and socioeconomic indicators. Pooled analyses showed that low, relative to high socioeconomic status, was associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancer and stroke, and in individual studies, with hypertension and liver disease. Conversely, risk of female breast cancer tended to be associated with higher socioeconomic status. These findings were attenuated but held when adjusted for a number of known risk factors and other potential confounding factors. A key finding was the lack of studies that have explored the interaction between alcohol-attributable disease, socioeconomic status and alcohol use. Conclusions: Despite some limitations to our review, we have described relationships between socioeconomic status and a range of alcohol-attributable conditions, and explored the mediating and interacting effects of alcohol consumption where feasible. However, further research is needed to better characterise the relationship between socioeconomic status alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable disease risk so as to gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms and pathways that influence the differential risk in harm between people of low and high socioeconomic status

Estudo de base populacional dos fatores associados à incapacidade funcional entre idosos na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil A population-based study on factors associated with functional disability among older adults in the Great Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os fatores associados à incapacidade funcional entre idosos na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O modelo teórico adotado foi baseado em características predisponentes (sócio-demográficas), fatores extra-individuais (apoio social, uso de serviços de saúde) e intra-individuais (condições de saúde). Participaram do estudo 1.786 idosos (> 60 anos) selecionados por meio de amostra probabilística. A variável dependente foi a incapacidade funcional, definida como incapacidade leve ou moderada (alguma dificuldade) e grave (total dependência) para realizar atividades da vida diária. A prevalência da incapacidade foi de 16% (8% leve e 8% grave). Idade e pior auto-avaliação da saúde apresentaram associações positivas e independentes com ambos os níveis de incapacidade. Hipertensão e artrite apresentaram associações com incapacidade leve ou moderada, enquanto diabetes e acidente vascular cerebral apresentaram associações com incapacidade grave. Associação negativa com incapacidade grave foi observada para visita de amigos nos últimos trinta dias. Esses resultados mostram que as condições crônicas associadas à incapacidade na população estudada são passíveis de prevenção e que o apoio social externo à família é menor em idosos com incapacidade grave.<br>This study assessed factors associated with functional disability in old age in Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The theoretical model was based on predisposing (socio-demographic), extra-individual (social support, use of health services), and intra-individual factors (health conditions). The study was conducted in a probabilistic sample of 1,786 subjects aged > 60 years. The dependent variable was disability defined as mild (some difficulty) or severe (total dependence) in performing at least one basic activity of daily living. Prevalence of disability was 16% (8% mild; 8% severe). Age and worse self-rated health were independently and positively associated with mild and severe disability. Self-reported hypertension and arthritis were associated with mild disability, while diabetes and stroke were associated with severe disability. Severe disability was independently and negatively associated with number of visits by friends in the previous 30 days. According to the results, chronic conditions associated with disability in the study population are preventable, and severely disabled elderly had less extra-family social support