Contaminants químics en peix i marisc consumit a Catalunya: avaluació de la ingesta diària

Contaminants químics; Peix; Marisc; Avaluació del riscContaminantes químicos; Pescado; Marisco; Evaluación del riesgoChemical pollutants; Fish; Seafood; Risk assessmentA fi d’avaluar el possible risc per a la salut de la població derivat de la presència de contaminants químics en els aliments, en el període 2000-2002 el Departament de Salut va endegar el primer estudi de contaminants químics en dieta total a Catalunya amb la Universitat Rovira i Virgili i la Universitat de Barcelona. L’avaluació dels resultats d’aquest estudi va posar de manifest que el peix i el marisc són els aliments que contribueixen de forma més significativa a la ingesta de contaminants a través de la dieta. Atesa la gran varietat d’espècies de peix que es consumeixen a Catalunya, l’Agència Catalana de Seguretat Alimentària va considerar important caracteritzar amb més precisió la ingesta de contaminants derivada del consum de peix i marisc. Aquest document s’inscriu en un conjunt d’estudis, ja realitzats i en projecte, que, impulsats des del Departament de Salut, tenen com a finalitat millorar el coneixement sobre els riscos per a la salut associats a la contaminació química dels aliments a Catalunya. Les dades aportades serveixen, sens dubte, per ajudar a prendre decisions, d’una banda a les administracions públiques que gestionen el risc i, de l’altra, als ciutadans del nostre país en els seus hàbits de consum.Con el objetivo de evaluar el posible riesgo para la salud de la población derivado de la presencia de contaminantes químicos en los alimentos, en el periodo 2000-2002 el Departamento de Salud puso en marcha el primer estudio de contaminantes químicos en dieta total en Cataluña con la Universidad Rovira i Virgili y la Universidad de Barcelona. La evaluación de los resultados de este estudio puso de manifiesto que el pescado y el marisco son los alimentos que contribuyen de forma más significativa en la ingesta de contaminantes a través de la dieta. Dada la gran variedad de especies de pescado que se consumen en Cataluña, la Agencia Catalana de Seguridad Alimentaria consideró importante caracterizar con más precisión la ingesta de contaminantes derivada del consumo de pescado y marisco. Este documento se inscribe en un conjunto de estudios, ya realizados y en proyecto, que, impulsados ​​desde el Departamento de Salud, tienen como finalidad mejorar el conocimiento sobre los riesgos para la salud asociados a la contaminación química de los alimentos en Cataluña. Los datos aportados sirven, sin duda, para ayudar a tomar decisiones, por un lado a las administraciones públicas que gestionan el riesgo y, por otro, a los ciudadanos de nuestro país en sus hábitos de consumo.With the aim of evaluating the possible risk to the health of the population derived from the presence of chemical contaminants in food, in the period 2000-2002 the Department of Health launched the first study of chemical contaminants in total diet in Catalonia with the Rovira i Virgili University and the University of Barcelona. The evaluation of the results of this study showed that fish and shellfish are the foods that contribute most significantly to the intake of contaminants through the diet. Given the great variety of fish species consumed in Catalonia, the Catalan Agency for Food Safety considered it important to more accurately characterize the intake of contaminants derived from the consumption of fish and shellfish. This document is part of a series of studies, already carried out and planned, that, promoted by the Department of Health, aim to improve knowledge about the health risks associated with the chemical contamination of food in Catalonia. The data provided undoubtedly serve to help make decisions, on the one hand to the public administrations that manage the risk and, on the other, to the citizens of our country in their consumption habits

Contaminantes químicos: V estudio de dieta total en Cataluña; metales pesados, dioxinas (PCDD/F) y bifeniles policlorados (PCB)

Estudi de dieta total; Contaminants químics; Seguretat alimentàriaTotal diet study; Chemical pollutants; Food safetyEstudio de dieta total; Contaminantes químicos; Seguridad alimentariaL'Estudi de dieta total 2017 és la continuació dels treballs iniciats l’any 2000 i permet seguir l’evolució de la concentració dels contaminats en els aliments i la consegüent exposició dietètica de la població catalana. Aquest estudi es focalitza en metalls pesants (arsènic, mercuri, cadmi, plom) i en dioxines, furans i bifenils policlorats concentrant els recursos en aquells contaminants que en estudis anteriors presentaven més interès per la seva presència en els aliments i la seva possible incidència en la salut de la població.El Estudio de dieta total 2017 es la continuación de los trabajos iniciados en 2000 y permite seguir la evolución de la concentración de los contaminantes en los alimentos y la consiguiente exposición dietética de la población catalana. Este estudio se focaliza en metales pesados (arsénico, mercurio, cadmio, plomo) y en dioxinas, furanos y bifenilos policlorados concentrando los recursos en aquellos contaminantes que en estudios anteriores presentaban más interés por su presencia en los alimentos y su posible incidencia en la salud de la población

Contaminantes de proceso: estudio de dieta total en Catalunya; 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, sus ésteres de ácidos grasos y los ésteres glicidílicos

Contaminants de procés; Estudi de dieta total; Èsters d'àcids grassos; Èsters glicidílicsContaminantes de proceso; Estudio de dieta total; Ésteres de ácidos grasos; Ésteres glicidílicosProcess pollutants; Total diet study; Fatty acid esters; Glycidyl estersL’objectiu general d’aquest estudi és avaluar els riscos per a la salut derivats de la ingesta dietètica de 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, els seus èsters d’àcids grassos i els èsters glicidílics d’àcids grassos per la població catalana

Effects of Elevated Temperature and Carbon Dioxide on the Growth and Survival of Larvae and Juveniles of Three Species of Northwest Atlantic Bivalves

Rising CO2 concentrations and water temperatures this century are likely to have transformative effects on many coastal marine organisms. Here, we compared the responses of two life history stages (larval, juvenile) of three species of calcifying bivalves (Mercenaria mercenaria, Crassostrea virginica, and Argopecten irradians) to temperatures (24 and 28°C) and CO2 concentrations (∼250, 390, and 750 ppm) representative of past, present, and future summer conditions in temperate estuaries. Results demonstrated that increases in temperature and CO2 each significantly depressed survival, development, growth, and lipid synthesis of M. mercenaria and A. irradians larvae and that the effects were additive. Juvenile M. mercenaria and A. irradians were negatively impacted by higher temperatures while C. virginica juveniles were not. C. virginica and A. irradians juveniles were negatively affected by higher CO2 concentrations, while M. mercenaria was not. Larvae were substantially more vulnerable to elevated CO2 than juvenile stages. These findings suggest that current and future increases in temperature and CO2 are likely to have negative consequences for coastal bivalve populations

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Hand osteoarthritis: clinical phenotypes, molecular mechanisms and disease management

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent condition and the hand is the most commonly affected site. Patients with hand OA frequently report symptoms of pain, functional limitations, and frustration in undertaking everyday activities. The condition presents clinically with changes to the bone, ligaments, cartilage and synovial tissue, which can be observed using radiography, ultrasonography or MRI. Hand OA is a heterogeneous disorder and is considered to be multifactorial in aetiology. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology, presentation and burden of hand OA, including an update on hand OA imaging (including the development of novel techniques), disease mechanisms and management. In particular, areas for which new evidence has substantially changed the way we understand, consider and treat hand OA are highlighted. For example, genetic studies, clinical trials and careful prospective imaging studies from the past 5 years are beginning to provide insights into the pathogenesis of hand OA that might uncover new therapeutic targets in disease

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories.Methods: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age.Findings: The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran.Interpretation: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings.Copyright (C) 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier.</p