A Study Of The Granulomatous Responses Induced By Different Strains Of Schistosoma Mansoni

The increased pathogenesis of the Schistosoma mansoni BH strain compared with the SJ strain has been attributed to the number of granulomas formed in experimental infections, which increase the mortality in definitive hosts. The aim of the present study was to investigate the development of granulomas around the eggs of the S. mansoni BH and SJ strains and to determine whether this host reaction was strain specific. Four experimental groups were analyzed. Two groups contained mice inoculated in the caudal vein with eggs from the S. mansoni BH or SJ strains and the other two contained mice that were infected with cercariae of the BH strain prior to being inoculated with eggs. The number of granulomas per tissue area in the lungs and liver, as well as the size of the granulomas, was analyzed to characterize the response to schistosome infection. The largest granulomatous responses were observed around eggs of the BH strain. Granulomas covered a larger area in the lungs of mice that were previously infected with cercariae and subsequently inoculated with eggs of the BH strain. These results indicated that specific granulomatous responses occurred following an infection with the BH and SJ strains of S. mansoni. © 2012 Nádia Regina Borim Zuim et al.2012Capron, A., Schistosomiasis: Forty years' war on the worm (1998) Parasitology Today, 14 (10), pp. 379-384. , DOI 10.1016/S0169-4758(98)01322-2, PII S0169475898013222Programmes and Projects > Neglected Tropical Diseases, , http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en/index.html, World Health Organization-(WHO) 2009Rollinson, D., Southgate, V.R., Rollinson, D., Southgate, V.R., The genus Schistosoma: A taxonomic appraisal (1987) The Biology of Schistosomes from Genes to Latrines, pp. 1-49. , San Diego, Calif, USA Academic PressMagalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Verificação do número de machos e de fêmeas de Schistosoma mansoni capturados em camundongos infectados com duas cepas do helminto (1969) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 3, pp. 253-254Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Desenvolvimento do Schistosoma mansoni das linhagens de Belo Horizonte (MG) e de São José dos Campos (SP) em Mus musculus (1973) Revista de Saúde Pública, 7, pp. 285-287Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Sobre o comportamento de duas linhagens de Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907. Proposição para método de estudo quantitativo (1976) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 4, pp. 169-194Paraense, W.L., Corrêa, L.R., Variation in susceptibility of Australorbis glabratus to a strain of Schistosoma mansoni (1963) Revista Do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 5, pp. 15-22. , 2-s2.0-0015152812Lobato Paraense, W., Correa, L.R., Differential susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila populations to infection with a strain of Schistosoma mansoni (1978) Journal of Parasitology, 64 (5), pp. 822-826Saoud, M.F.A., The infectivity and pathogenicity of geographical strains of Schistosoma mansoni (1966) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60 (5), pp. 585-600. , 2-s2.0-0013993940Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Relação entre a patogenicidade do Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos e susceptibilidade do molusco vetor. II. Número de ovos nas fezes e número e tamanho dos granulomas nas vísceras (1993) Revista de Saúde Pública, 29, pp. 265-270Zanotti-Magalhaes, E.M., Magalhaes, L.A., De Carcalho, J.F., Relationship between the pathogenicity of Schistosoma mansoni in mice and the susceptibility of the vector mollusk. IV - Infectiousness of the miracídia (1997) Revista de Saude Publica, 31 (5), pp. 488-494Coelho, P.M.Z., Raso, P., Mello, R.T., Toppa, N.H., Dimensões do granuloma hepático produzido por ovos de duas linhagens geográficas do Schistosoma mansoni, no camundongo (1989) Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84, pp. 213-217Higgins-Opitz, S.B., Dettman, C.D., The infection characteristics of a South African isolate of Schistosoma mansoni: A comparison with a Puerto Rican isolate in BALB/c mice and Mastomys coucha (1991) Parasitology Research, 77 (2), pp. 142-151. , 2-s2.0-0026035421Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Estudo morfológico de Schistosoma mansoni pertencentes a linhagens de Belo Horizonte (MG) e de São José dos Campos (SP) (1973) Revista de Saúde Pública, 7, pp. 289-294Magalhães, L.A., Alcantara, F.G., Carvalho, J.F., Alguns dados referentes ao estudo parasitológico e anatomopatológico de duas linhagens de Schistosoma mansoni, Sambon, 1907 (1975) Revista de Saúde Pública, 9, pp. 1-5Yoshioka, L., Zanotti-Magalhaes, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Linhares, A.X., Schistosoma mansoni: A study of pathogenesis of Santa Rosa strain (Campinas, SP, Brasil) in mice (2002) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 35 (3), pp. 203-207. , 2-s2.0-0036580395Magalhães, L.A., Alcantara, F.G., Carvalho, J.F., Distribuição de lesões esquistossomóticas extra-hepáticas em camundongos infectados pelas linhagens BH e SJ de Schistosoma mansoni (1975) Revista de Saúde Pública, 13, pp. 326-334Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Relação entre a patogenicidade do Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos e susceptibilidade do molusco vetor. III. Mortalidade, peso corporal e das vísceras (1995) Revista de Saúde Pública, 29, pp. 265-270Dias, L.C.S., Glasser, C.M., Etzel, A., The epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis mansoni where Biomphalaria tenagophila is the snail host (1988) Revista de Saúde Pública São Paulo, 22, pp. 462-463Santos, N.R., (1967) Esquistossomose Mansônica Autóctone No Vale Do Médio Paraíba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Contribuicão Para O Estudo da Zona Endêmica [Ph.D. Thesis], , São Paulo, BrasilKastner, M.R.Q., Kohn, A., Teixeira, E.D., Pitanga, L.C., Estudo morfológico do Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907, encontrado na espécie humana (1975) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 9, pp. 247-261MacHado-Silva, J.R., Galvão, C., Presgrave, O.A.F., Rey, L., Gomes, D.C., Host-induced morphological changes of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 male worms (1994) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 89 (3), pp. 411-416. , 2-s2.0-0028477538MacHado-Silva, J.R., Galvão, C., De Oliveira, R.M., Presgrave, O.A., Gomes, D.C., Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907: Comparative morphological studies of some Brazilian strains (1995) Revista Do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 37 (5), pp. 441-447. , 2-s2.0-0029367229Machado-Silva, J.R., Lanfredi, R.M., Gomes, D.C., Morphological Study of Adult Male Worms of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 by Scanning Electron Microscopy (1997) Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 92 (5), pp. 647-653MacHado-Silva, J.R., Pelajo-Machado, M., Lenzi, H.L., Gomes, D.C., Morphological Study of Adult Male Worms of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (1998) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 93, pp. 303-307. , 2-s2.0-0032246240Neves, R.H., Dos Santos Pereira, M.J., De Oliveira, R.M.F., Gomes, D.C., MacHado-Silva, J.R., Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907: Morphometric differences between adult worms from sympatric rodent and human isolates (1998) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 93, pp. 309-312. , 2-s2.0-0032254332Paraense, W.L., Corrêa, L.R., Observations on two biological races of Schistosoma mansoni (1981) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 76 (3), pp. 287-291. , 2-s2.0-0019593327Prata, A., Coura, J.R., Carvalho, O.S., Coelho, P.M.Z., Lenzi, H.L., Fases e formas clínicas da esquistossomose mansoni (2008) Schistosoma Mansoni & Esquistossomose. Uma Visão Multidisciplinar, pp. 739-787. , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Editora FiocruzMagalhães, L.A., Guaraldo, A.M.A., Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Carvalho, J.F., Sgarbieri, V.C., Alcântara, F.G., Esquistossomose mansônica em camundongos experimentalmente subnutridos (1986) Revista de Saúde Pública, 20, pp. 362-368Coutinho, E.M., Malnutrition and hepatic fibrosis in murine schistosomiasis (2004) Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99 (5), pp. 85-92Lima, E., Costa, M.F., Rocha, R.S., Magalhães, M.H.A., Katz, N., Um modelo hierárquico de análise das variáveis sócio-econômicas e dos padrões de contatos comáguas associados à forma hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose (1994) Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 102, pp. 241-253Dias, L.C.S., Glasser, C.M., Marçal, Jr.O., Bonesso, P.I., Epidemiologia da esquistossomose mansônica em área de baixa endemicidade (1994) Cadernos de Saúde Pública Rio de Janeiro, 12, pp. 254-260Warren, K.S., Domingo, E.O., Cowan, R.B., Granuloma formation around Schistosome eggs as a manifestation of delayed hypersensitivity (1967) American Journal of Pathology, 51 (5), pp. 735-756. , 2-s2.0-0014145729Magalhães, L.A., Technic of viability evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni 's cercariae penetration in Mus musculus (1969) Hospital, 75 (5), pp. 1663-1666. , 2-s2.0-0014514454Warren, K.S., Domingo, E.O., Schistosoma mansoni: Stage specificity of granuloma formation around eggs after exposure to irradiated cercariae, unisexual infections, or dead worms (1970) Experimental Parasitology, 27 (1), pp. 60-66. , 2-s2.0-0014735659Yolles, T.K., Moore, P.V., Degensti, D.L., Ripson, C.A., Meleney, H.E., A technique for the perfusion of laboratory animals for the recovery of schistosomes (1947) Journal of Parasitology, 33. , article 419Institute, S.A.S., (2000) SAS System for Windows, Version 8. 01, , Cary, NC, USALichtenberg, F.V., Host response to eggs of S. mansoni. I. Granuloma formation in the unsensitized laboratory mouse (1962) American Journal of Pathology, 41, pp. 711-731. , 2-s2.0-0000964607Lichtenberg, F.V., Studies on granuloma formation. III. Antigen sequestration and destruction in the schistosome pseudotubercle (1968) American Journal of Pathology, 45, pp. 75-93Ashton, P.D., Harrop, R., Shah, B., Wilson, R.A., The schistosome egg: Development and secretions (2001) Parasitology, 122 (3), pp. 329-338. , DOI 10.1017/S0031182001007351Schramm, G., Gronow, A., Knobloch, J., Wippersteg, V., Grevelding, C.G., Galle, J., Fuller, H., Doenhoff, M.J., IPSE/alpha-1: A major immunogenic component secreted from Schistosoma mansoni eggs (2006) Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 147 (1), pp. 9-19. , 2-s2.0-33645846029 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.01.003Sadun, E.H., Yamaki, A., Lin, S.S., Burke, J.C., Studies on the host-parasite relationships to Schistosoma japonicum. VI. Acquired resistance in mice and monkeys infected with the Formosan and Japanese strains (1961) The Journal of Parasitology, 47, pp. 891-897. , 2-s2.0-0343097146Mathieson, W., Wilson, R.A., A comparative proteomic study of the undeveloped and developed Schistosoma mansoni egg and its contents: The miracidium, hatch fluid and secretions (2010) International Journal for Parasitology, 40 (5), pp. 617-628. , 2-s2.0-77950023643 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.10.014Eltoum, I.A., Wynn, T.A., Poindexter, R.W., Finkelman, F.D., Lewis, F.A., Sher, A., Cheever, A.W., Suppressive effect of interleukin-4 neutralization differs for granulomas around Schistosoma mansoni eggs injected into mice compared with those around eggs laid in infected mice (1995) Infection and Immunity, 63 (7), pp. 2532-2536. , 2-s2.0-0029012562Anderson, L., Pierce, R.J., Verjovski-Almeida, S., Schistosoma mansoni histones: From transcription to chromatin regulation: An in silico analysis (2012) Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology, 183, pp. 105-114Bina, J.C., Prata, A., Schistosomiasis in hyperendemic area of Taquarendi. I- Schistosoma mansoni infection and severe clinikal forms (2003) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 36 (2), pp. 211-216Zanotti, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Piedrabuena, A.E., Evaluation of the pathogenicity resulting from infection by Schistosoma mansoni Sambon 1907, agent of unisexual infections in Mus musculus (1983) Revista de Saude Publica, 17 (5), pp. 394-405. , 2-s2.0-0020838115Andrade, Z.A., Warren, K.S., Mild prolonged schistosomiasis in mice. Alterations in host response with time and the development of portal fibrosis (1964) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 58 (1), pp. 53-57. , 2-s2.0-000234650

Experimental Evaluation Of The Pathogenicity Of Different Strains Of Schistosoma Mansoni

The pathogenesis of three different Schistosoma mansoni strains from the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais (BH strain) and São Paulo (SJ and SD strains) was evaluated in experimentally infected mice. Observations of the most severe clinical cases among local patients treated (SD strain) in the city of Campinas (São Paulo, Brazil) formed the basis of this study. Mice were used as definitive hosts and were infected with cercariae from Biomphalaria tenagophila (SJ and SD strains) and Biomphalaria glabrata (BH strains). The parameters analyzed were as follows: number of S. mansoni eggs in mice feces; number of granulomas per tissue area in liver, spleen, lungs, pancreas, and ascending colon; measurements of hepatic and intestinal granulomas; number of adult worms; and measurements of trematode eggs. The comparison among the three strains indicated that the SD strain, isolated in Campinas, presented a higher worm recovery relative to the number of penetrating cercariae. In addition, when compared to the SJ and BH strains, the SD strain demonstrated similar pathogenicity to the BH strain, with a greater quantity of granulomas in the viscera, as well as larger granulomas and eggs. Furthermore, a greater quantity of trematode eggs was also shed in the feces. © 2012 Antônio Aurélio Euzébio et al.2012Chieffi, P.P., Waldman, E.A., Aspectos particulares do comportamento epidemiológico da esquistossomose mansônica no Estado de São Paulo (1988) Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 4, pp. 257-275Paraense, W.L., Corrêa, L.R., Sobre a ocorrência de duas raças biológicas do Schistosoma mansoni no Brasil (1963) Ciência e Cultura, 15, pp. 245-246Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Estudo morfológico de Schistosoma mansoni pertencentes às linhagens de Belo Horizonte (BH) e de São José dos Campos (SP) (1973) Revista de Saúde Pública, 7, pp. 289-294Paraense, W.L., Corrêa, L.R., Observations on two biological races of Schistosoma mansoni (1981) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 76 (3), pp. 287-291. , 2-s2.0-0019593327Lemos Neto, R.C., Magalhães, L.A., Piedrabuena, A.E., Some aspects concerning the study of strains of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907, originating from the States of Minas Gerais and São Paulo, Brazil (1978) Revista de Saude Publica, 12 (3), pp. 277-290. , 2-s2.0-0018018745Magalhães, L.A., Alcântara, F.G., Carvalho, J.F., Distribuição de lesões esquistossomóticas extra-hepáticas em camundongos infectados pelas linhagens BH e SJ de Schistosoma mansoni (1975) Revista de Saúde Pública, 13, pp. 326-334Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Sobre o comportamento de duas linhagens de Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907. Proposição para método de estudo quantitative (1976) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 10, pp. 169-194Santos, N.R., (1967) Esquistossomose Mansônica Autóctone No Vale Do Médio Paraíba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Contribuição Para O Estudo da Zona Endêmica [Ph.D. Thesis], , São Paulo, Brasil School of Medicine, University of São PauloPiza, J.T., Ramos, A.S., Os focos autóctones da esquistossomose no Estado de São Paulo Arquivos de Higiene e Saúde Pública, 25 (86), pp. 261-271Freitas, A.R.R., Oliveira, A.C.P., Schistosomal myelopathy and the relevance of Schistosomiasis in a low-prevalence area Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Schistosomiasis 2002 Recife, BrazilFreitas, A.R.R., Yokoda, J.C.R., Santos, A.M., Reis, R.D., Neumann, M.M.A.G.L., Yamanaka, A., Approach to hepatic alterations in Schistosomiasis in areas of low prevalence by ultrasonography using WHO standardization Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Schistosomiasis 2002 Recife, BrazilMagalhães, L.A., Technic of viability evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni 's cercariae penetration in Mus musculus (1969) Hospital, 75 (5), pp. 1663-1666. , 2-s2.0-0014514454Katz, N., Chaves, A., Pellegrino, J., A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni (1972) Revista Do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 14 (6), pp. 397-400. , 2-s2.0-0015423525Yolles, T.K., Moore, D.U., De Ginsti, D.L., Ripson, C.A., Meleney, H.E., A technique for the perfusion of laboratory animals for the recovery of Schistosomes (1947) Journal of Parasitology, 33, pp. 419-426Institute, S., (2006) SAS System for Windows Versão 9. 01, , Cory, NC, USASaoud, M.F.A., The infectivity and pathogenicity of geographical strains of Schistosoma mansoni (1966) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60 (5), pp. 585-600. , 2-s2.0-0013993940Bina, J.C., Prata, A., Schistosomiasis in hyperendemic area of Taquarendi. I- Schistosoma mansoni infection and severe clinikal forms (2003) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 36 (2), pp. 211-216Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Relação entre a patogenicidade do Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos e a susceptibilidade do molusco vetor. II. Número de ovos nas fezes e número e tamanho dos granulomas nas vísceras (1993) Revista de Saúde Pública, 27, pp. 412-420Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Relação entre a patogenicidade do Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos e a susceptibilidade do molusco vetor. III. Mortalidade, pesos corporal e das vísceras (1995) Revista de Saúde Pública, 29, pp. 265-270Yoshioka, L., Zanotti-Magalhaes, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Linhares, A.X., Schistosoma mansoni: A study of pathogenesis of Santa Rosa strain (Campinas, SP, Brasil) in mice (2002) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 35 (3), pp. 203-207. , 2-s2.0-0036580395De Abreu Ferrari, T.C., Involvement of central nervous system in the schistosomiasis (2004) Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99 (5), pp. 59-62Stadecker, M.J., The development of granulomas in schistosomiasis: Genetic backgrounds, regulatory pathways, and specific egg antigen responses that influence the magnitude of disease (1999) Microbes and Infection, 1 (7), pp. 505-510. , 2-s2.0-0032717153 10.1016/S1286-4579(99)80089-

Schistosoma Mansoni: A Study Of Pathogenesis Of Santa Rosa Strain (campinas, Sp, Brasil) In Mice [schistosoma Mansoni: Estudo Da Patogenia Da Linhagem Santa Rosa (campinas, Sp, Brasil) Em Camundongos.]

The present paper reports the comparison between a newly isolated strain of S. mansoni in the city of Campinas (SP, Brazil) named SR, with the strains BH (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) and SJ (São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil). The study was done using mice experimentally infected with 70 cercariae from sympatric snails: B. glabrata for the BH strain and B. tenagophila for the SJ and SR strains. The data obtained revealed that the new strain is less pathogenic than the other two, since it yielded fewer worms and shed eggs, a lower number of granulomas and a smaller granuloma size in the liver and intestine.35320320

Attraction Of Schistosoma Mansoni Sambon, 1907 Miracidia To Biomphalaria Glabrata (say, 1818) In The Presence Of Angiostrongylus Costaricensis Morera And Céspedes, 1971 Infection [atração De Miracídios De Schistosoma Mansoni Sambon, 1907 Por Biomphalaria Glabrata (say, 1818) Infectada Por Angiostrongylus Costaricensis Morera And Céspedes, 1971]

The attraction exerted by Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Angiostrongylus costaricensis on Schistosoma mansoni miracidia of the BH strain was tested, using a glass apparatus composed by two circular chambers connected to a channel. One mollusk or a sample of a snail conditioning water (SCW) was placed in one of the chambers, randomly selected, and the remaining of the apparatus was filled with chlorine-free water. Ten miracidia were placed in the centre of the channel and their behaviour was observed for 15 minutes. Ten replicates were made for each treatment (snail or SCW), using different specimens of mollusks or different samples of SCW. Mollusks infected with A. costaricensis attracted significantly less S. mansoni miracidia than non-infected B. glabrata. In addition, miracidia were also significantly more attracted to SCW from mollusks infected with A. costaricensis.69411011105Balan, D.S.L., Magalhães, L.A., Piedrabuena, A.E., Immunological and parasitological aspects of Biomphalaria tenagophila infected by Schistosoma mansoni and other Digenea (1993) Revista De Saúde Pública, 27 (6), pp. 421-429Brasio, B.C., Magalhães, L.A., Miller, J., Carvalho, J.F., Atração de miracídios de Schistosoma mansoni por hospedeiros invertebrados: Comportamento de miracídios frente a girinos de Hyla fuscovaria (1985) Revista De Saúde Pública, 19 (1), pp. 18-27Brasio, B.C., Magalhães, L.A., Miller, J., Carvalho, J.F., Verificação da resposta de miracídios de Schistosoma mansoni a substâncias provenientes de moluscos planorbídeos. Pesquisa de substâncias quimiotáxicas (1985) Revista De Saúde Pública, 19 (2), pp. 154-170Carvalho, O.S., Teles, H.M.S., Mota, E.M., Mendonça, C.L.G.F., Lenzi, H.L., Potentiality of Achatina fulica Bodwdich, 1822 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) as intermediate host of the Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera e Céspedes 1971 (2003) Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical, 36 (6), pp. 1-6Chernin, E., Penetrative activity of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia stimulated by exposure to snail conditioned water (1972) The Journal of Parasitology, 58 (2), pp. 209-212Gilbertson, D.E., Etges, F.J., Ogle, J.D., Free amino acids of Australorbis glabratus hemolymph: Comparison of four geographic strains and effect of infection by Schistosoma mansoni (1967) The Journal of Parasitology, 53 (3), pp. 565-568Graeff-Teixeira, C., Thomé, J.W., Pinto, S.C.C., Camilo-Coura, L., Lenzi, H.L., Phyllocaulis variegatus: An intermediate host of Angiostrongylus costaricensis in South Brazil (1989) Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84 (1), pp. 65-68Graeff-Teixeira, C., Camilo-Coura, L., Lenzi, H.L., (1989) Suscetibilidade De Megalobulimus Sp. À Infecção Por Larvas De Angiostrongylus Costaricensis, p. 151. , In Anais do 11 Congresso Brasileiro de Parasitologia. Rio de JaneiroGraeff-Teixeira, C., Ávila-Pires, F.D., Machado, R.C.C., Camilo-Coura, L., Lenzi, H.L., Identificação de roedores silvestres como hospedeiros do Angiostrongylus costaricensis no sul do Brasil (1990) Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De São Paulo, 32 (3), pp. 147-150Graeff-Teixeira, C., Thiengo, S.C., Thomé, J.W., Medeiros, A.B., Camilo-Coura, L., Agostini, A.A., On the diversity of mollusc intermediate hosts of Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera e Céspedes, 1971 in southern Brazil (1993) Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 88 (3), pp. 487-489Kloetzel, K., Observações sobre o tropismo do miracídio do Schistosoma mansoni pelo molusco (1958) Australorbis Glabratus. 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