Species Composition And Seasonal Succession Of Saprophagous Calliphorids In A Rural Area Of Córdoba, Argentina

During 2004, four experiments were carried out, one each season, in order to determine the species composition and seasonal dynamics of Calliphoridae in a rural area of Córdoba (Argentina). Two pigs (Sus scrofa L.), weighing approximately 8 Kg each, were used in each experiment. They were killed with a blow to the head and immediately placed in a variant of the Schoenly et al. (1991) trap. One pig was exposed in the shade and the other one under direct sunlight. The insect fauna was collected daily during the four first weeks and every two or three days thereafter. A total of 16.609 adults of Calliphoridae were collected, and later on identified as one of the following seven species: Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), Phaenicia sericata (Meigen), Phaenicia eximia (Wiedemann), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius), Sarconesia chlorogaster (Wiedemann) and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy. C. albiceps was the dominant species in summer, autumn and spring, being replaced in winter by C. vicina, S. chlorogaster and P. sericata. The analysis of the seasonal distribution of the species revealed that the greater incidences are in the months of summer, autumn and spring.402163171BATTÁN HORENSTEIN, M., ARNALDOS, M.I., ROSSO, B., GARCÍA, M.D., Estudio preliminar de la comunidad sarcosaprófaga en Córdoba (Argentina): Aplicación a la entomología forense (2005) Anales de Biología, 27, pp. 191-201BAUMGARTNER, D.L., GREENBERG, B., Distribution of medical ecology of the blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Peru (1985) Annals of Entomological Society of America, 78, pp. 565-587CARVALHO, L.M.L., LINHARES, A.X., Seasonality of insect seccession and pig carcass decomposition in a natural forest area in southeastern Brazil (2001) J Foren Sci, 46 (3), pp. 604-608CARVALHO, L.M.L., THYSSEN, P.J., LINDARES, A.X., PALHARES, F.A.B., A checklist of arthropods associated with pig carrion and human corpses in southeastern Brazil (2000) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 95 (1), pp. 135-138CATTS, E.P., GOFF, M.L., Forensic Entomology in Criminal Investigation (1992) Annu Rev Entomol, 37, pp. 253-272CENTENO, N., MALDONADO, M., OLIVA, A., Seasonal patterns of arthropods ocurring on sheltered and unsheltered pig carcasses in Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) (2002) Forensic Sci Internat, 126, pp. 63-70FERREIRA, M.J.M., Sinantropía de dípteros muscóideos de Curitiba, Paraná. I: Calliphoridae (1978) Rev Bras Biol, 38, pp. 445-454FERREIRA, M.J.M., BARBOLA, I.F., Sinantropia de Califorídeos (Insecta: Diptera) de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil (1998) Rev Brasil Biol, 58 (2), pp. 203-209FISCHER OL, MÁTLOVÁ, DVORSKÁ L, SVÁSTOVÁ P, BARTL J, MELICHÁREK I, WESTON RT, PAVLÍK I (2001) Diptera as vector of mycobacterial infections in cattle and pigs. Med Vet Entomol 15: 208-211GUIMARÃES, J.H., PRADO, A.P., LINHARES, A.X., Three newly introduced blowfly species in southern Brazil (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1978) Rev Bras Ent, 22, pp. 53-60GUIMARÃES, J.H.G., PAPAVERO, N., PRADO, A.P., As miíases na região Neotropical: Identificação, biologia, bibliografia (1983) Rev Bras Zool, 1, pp. 239-416KUUSELA, S., HANSKI, I., The structure of carrion fly comminities: The size and the type of carrion (1982) Holartica Ecology, 5, pp. 337-348LINHARES, A.X., Synanthropy of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in the city of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil (1981) Rev Bras Ent, 25 (3), pp. 189-215MARILUIS, J.C., SCHNACK, J.A., Ecología de una taxocenosis de Calliphoridae del área platense (Provincia de Buenos Aires) (Insecta, Diptera) (1986) Ecosur, 12-13 (23-24), pp. 81-91MARILUIS, J.C., SCHNACK, J.A., Ecology of the blow flies of an eusynanthropic habitat near Buenos Aires (Diptera, Calliphoridae) (1989) Eos, 165, pp. 93-101MARILUIS, J.C., SCHNACK, J.A., CERVERERIZZO, I., QUINTANA, C., (1826) Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858) and Phaenicia sericata, 32, pp. 7-24. , Meigen, parasiting domestic animals in Buenos Aires and vicinities Diptera, Calliphoridae, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 89: 139MARILUIS JC, SCHNACK JA (1996) Elenco específico y aspectos ecológicos de Calliphoridae (Insecta, Diptera) de San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina. Bol R Soc Esp Hist Nat (Sec. Biol.) 92: 1-4MOURA, M.O., CARVALHO, C.J.B., FILHO ELA, M., A preliminary analisis of insects of medico-legal importance in Curitiba, State of Paraná (1997) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 92 (2), pp. 269-274NUORTEVA, P., Sarcosaprophagous insects as forensic indicators (1977) Forensic Medicine: A study in trauma and environmental hazards, 3, pp. 1072-1095. , TEDESCHI, C.G, ECKERT, W.G. & TEDESCHI, L.G, Eds, Philadelphia, London W.B. Saunders CoOLIVA, A., Insectos de Interés Forense de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Primera lista ilustrada y datos bionómicos. Revista de Museo argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia (1997) Entomología, Tomo VII, (2), pp. 13-59RICKLEFS, R., Invitación a la Ecología (1996) La economía de la naturaleza, , Editorial Médica Panamericana(1986) SAS User's guide: Statictics, , SAS INSTITUTE INC , 6 ed. Cary, North CarolinaSCHNACK, J.A., MARILUIS, J.C., CENTENO, N., MUZÓN, J., Composición específica, ecología y sinantropía de Calliphoridae (Insecta: Diptera) en el Gran Buenos Aires (1995) Rev Soc Entomol Argent, 54 (1-4), pp. 161-171SCHNACK, J.A., MARILUIS, J.C., SPINELLI, G.R., MUZÓN, J., Ecological aspects on urban blowflies in midwest Argentinean Patagonia (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1998) Rev Soc Entomol Argent, 57 (1-4), pp. 127-130SCHOENLY, K., GRIEST, K., RHINE, S., An experimental field protocol for investigating the postmortem interval using multidisciplinary indicators (1991) J Forensic Sci JFSCA, 36 (5), pp. 1395-1415(1986) A manual of forensic entomology, , SMITH KGV (, The trustees of the British Museum Natural History, LondonSOUZA, A.M., LINHARES, A.X., Diptera and Coleoptera of potential forensic importance in southeastern Brazil: Relative abundance and seasonality (1997) Med Vet Entomol, 11, pp. 8-1

A Study Of The Granulomatous Responses Induced By Different Strains Of Schistosoma Mansoni

The increased pathogenesis of the Schistosoma mansoni BH strain compared with the SJ strain has been attributed to the number of granulomas formed in experimental infections, which increase the mortality in definitive hosts. The aim of the present study was to investigate the development of granulomas around the eggs of the S. mansoni BH and SJ strains and to determine whether this host reaction was strain specific. Four experimental groups were analyzed. Two groups contained mice inoculated in the caudal vein with eggs from the S. mansoni BH or SJ strains and the other two contained mice that were infected with cercariae of the BH strain prior to being inoculated with eggs. The number of granulomas per tissue area in the lungs and liver, as well as the size of the granulomas, was analyzed to characterize the response to schistosome infection. The largest granulomatous responses were observed around eggs of the BH strain. Granulomas covered a larger area in the lungs of mice that were previously infected with cercariae and subsequently inoculated with eggs of the BH strain. These results indicated that specific granulomatous responses occurred following an infection with the BH and SJ strains of S. mansoni. © 2012 Nádia Regina Borim Zuim et al.2012Capron, A., Schistosomiasis: Forty years' war on the worm (1998) Parasitology Today, 14 (10), pp. 379-384. , DOI 10.1016/S0169-4758(98)01322-2, PII S0169475898013222Programmes and Projects > Neglected Tropical Diseases, , http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en/index.html, World Health Organization-(WHO) 2009Rollinson, D., Southgate, V.R., Rollinson, D., Southgate, V.R., The genus Schistosoma: A taxonomic appraisal (1987) The Biology of Schistosomes from Genes to Latrines, pp. 1-49. , San Diego, Calif, USA Academic PressMagalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Verificação do número de machos e de fêmeas de Schistosoma mansoni capturados em camundongos infectados com duas cepas do helminto (1969) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 3, pp. 253-254Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Desenvolvimento do Schistosoma mansoni das linhagens de Belo Horizonte (MG) e de São José dos Campos (SP) em Mus musculus (1973) Revista de Saúde Pública, 7, pp. 285-287Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Sobre o comportamento de duas linhagens de Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907. Proposição para método de estudo quantitativo (1976) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 4, pp. 169-194Paraense, W.L., Corrêa, L.R., Variation in susceptibility of Australorbis glabratus to a strain of Schistosoma mansoni (1963) Revista Do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 5, pp. 15-22. , 2-s2.0-0015152812Lobato Paraense, W., Correa, L.R., Differential susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila populations to infection with a strain of Schistosoma mansoni (1978) Journal of Parasitology, 64 (5), pp. 822-826Saoud, M.F.A., The infectivity and pathogenicity of geographical strains of Schistosoma mansoni (1966) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60 (5), pp. 585-600. , 2-s2.0-0013993940Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Relação entre a patogenicidade do Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos e susceptibilidade do molusco vetor. II. Número de ovos nas fezes e número e tamanho dos granulomas nas vísceras (1993) Revista de Saúde Pública, 29, pp. 265-270Zanotti-Magalhaes, E.M., Magalhaes, L.A., De Carcalho, J.F., Relationship between the pathogenicity of Schistosoma mansoni in mice and the susceptibility of the vector mollusk. IV - Infectiousness of the miracídia (1997) Revista de Saude Publica, 31 (5), pp. 488-494Coelho, P.M.Z., Raso, P., Mello, R.T., Toppa, N.H., Dimensões do granuloma hepático produzido por ovos de duas linhagens geográficas do Schistosoma mansoni, no camundongo (1989) Memórias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 84, pp. 213-217Higgins-Opitz, S.B., Dettman, C.D., The infection characteristics of a South African isolate of Schistosoma mansoni: A comparison with a Puerto Rican isolate in BALB/c mice and Mastomys coucha (1991) Parasitology Research, 77 (2), pp. 142-151. , 2-s2.0-0026035421Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Estudo morfológico de Schistosoma mansoni pertencentes a linhagens de Belo Horizonte (MG) e de São José dos Campos (SP) (1973) Revista de Saúde Pública, 7, pp. 289-294Magalhães, L.A., Alcantara, F.G., Carvalho, J.F., Alguns dados referentes ao estudo parasitológico e anatomopatológico de duas linhagens de Schistosoma mansoni, Sambon, 1907 (1975) Revista de Saúde Pública, 9, pp. 1-5Yoshioka, L., Zanotti-Magalhaes, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Linhares, A.X., Schistosoma mansoni: A study of pathogenesis of Santa Rosa strain (Campinas, SP, Brasil) in mice (2002) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 35 (3), pp. 203-207. , 2-s2.0-0036580395Magalhães, L.A., Alcantara, F.G., Carvalho, J.F., Distribuição de lesões esquistossomóticas extra-hepáticas em camundongos infectados pelas linhagens BH e SJ de Schistosoma mansoni (1975) Revista de Saúde Pública, 13, pp. 326-334Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Relação entre a patogenicidade do Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos e susceptibilidade do molusco vetor. III. Mortalidade, peso corporal e das vísceras (1995) Revista de Saúde Pública, 29, pp. 265-270Dias, L.C.S., Glasser, C.M., Etzel, A., The epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis mansoni where Biomphalaria tenagophila is the snail host (1988) Revista de Saúde Pública São Paulo, 22, pp. 462-463Santos, N.R., (1967) Esquistossomose Mansônica Autóctone No Vale Do Médio Paraíba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Contribuicão Para O Estudo da Zona Endêmica [Ph.D. Thesis], , São Paulo, BrasilKastner, M.R.Q., Kohn, A., Teixeira, E.D., Pitanga, L.C., Estudo morfológico do Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907, encontrado na espécie humana (1975) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 9, pp. 247-261MacHado-Silva, J.R., Galvão, C., Presgrave, O.A.F., Rey, L., Gomes, D.C., Host-induced morphological changes of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 male worms (1994) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 89 (3), pp. 411-416. , 2-s2.0-0028477538MacHado-Silva, J.R., Galvão, C., De Oliveira, R.M., Presgrave, O.A., Gomes, D.C., Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907: Comparative morphological studies of some Brazilian strains (1995) Revista Do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 37 (5), pp. 441-447. , 2-s2.0-0029367229Machado-Silva, J.R., Lanfredi, R.M., Gomes, D.C., Morphological Study of Adult Male Worms of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 by Scanning Electron Microscopy (1997) Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 92 (5), pp. 647-653MacHado-Silva, J.R., Pelajo-Machado, M., Lenzi, H.L., Gomes, D.C., Morphological Study of Adult Male Worms of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (1998) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 93, pp. 303-307. , 2-s2.0-0032246240Neves, R.H., Dos Santos Pereira, M.J., De Oliveira, R.M.F., Gomes, D.C., MacHado-Silva, J.R., Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907: Morphometric differences between adult worms from sympatric rodent and human isolates (1998) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 93, pp. 309-312. , 2-s2.0-0032254332Paraense, W.L., Corrêa, L.R., Observations on two biological races of Schistosoma mansoni (1981) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 76 (3), pp. 287-291. , 2-s2.0-0019593327Prata, A., Coura, J.R., Carvalho, O.S., Coelho, P.M.Z., Lenzi, H.L., Fases e formas clínicas da esquistossomose mansoni (2008) Schistosoma Mansoni & Esquistossomose. Uma Visão Multidisciplinar, pp. 739-787. , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Editora FiocruzMagalhães, L.A., Guaraldo, A.M.A., Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Carvalho, J.F., Sgarbieri, V.C., Alcântara, F.G., Esquistossomose mansônica em camundongos experimentalmente subnutridos (1986) Revista de Saúde Pública, 20, pp. 362-368Coutinho, E.M., Malnutrition and hepatic fibrosis in murine schistosomiasis (2004) Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99 (5), pp. 85-92Lima, E., Costa, M.F., Rocha, R.S., Magalhães, M.H.A., Katz, N., Um modelo hierárquico de análise das variáveis sócio-econômicas e dos padrões de contatos comáguas associados à forma hepatoesplênica da esquistossomose (1994) Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 102, pp. 241-253Dias, L.C.S., Glasser, C.M., Marçal, Jr.O., Bonesso, P.I., Epidemiologia da esquistossomose mansônica em área de baixa endemicidade (1994) Cadernos de Saúde Pública Rio de Janeiro, 12, pp. 254-260Warren, K.S., Domingo, E.O., Cowan, R.B., Granuloma formation around Schistosome eggs as a manifestation of delayed hypersensitivity (1967) American Journal of Pathology, 51 (5), pp. 735-756. , 2-s2.0-0014145729Magalhães, L.A., Technic of viability evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni 's cercariae penetration in Mus musculus (1969) Hospital, 75 (5), pp. 1663-1666. , 2-s2.0-0014514454Warren, K.S., Domingo, E.O., Schistosoma mansoni: Stage specificity of granuloma formation around eggs after exposure to irradiated cercariae, unisexual infections, or dead worms (1970) Experimental Parasitology, 27 (1), pp. 60-66. , 2-s2.0-0014735659Yolles, T.K., Moore, P.V., Degensti, D.L., Ripson, C.A., Meleney, H.E., A technique for the perfusion of laboratory animals for the recovery of schistosomes (1947) Journal of Parasitology, 33. , article 419Institute, S.A.S., (2000) SAS System for Windows, Version 8. 01, , Cary, NC, USALichtenberg, F.V., Host response to eggs of S. mansoni. I. Granuloma formation in the unsensitized laboratory mouse (1962) American Journal of Pathology, 41, pp. 711-731. , 2-s2.0-0000964607Lichtenberg, F.V., Studies on granuloma formation. III. Antigen sequestration and destruction in the schistosome pseudotubercle (1968) American Journal of Pathology, 45, pp. 75-93Ashton, P.D., Harrop, R., Shah, B., Wilson, R.A., The schistosome egg: Development and secretions (2001) Parasitology, 122 (3), pp. 329-338. , DOI 10.1017/S0031182001007351Schramm, G., Gronow, A., Knobloch, J., Wippersteg, V., Grevelding, C.G., Galle, J., Fuller, H., Doenhoff, M.J., IPSE/alpha-1: A major immunogenic component secreted from Schistosoma mansoni eggs (2006) Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 147 (1), pp. 9-19. , 2-s2.0-33645846029 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.01.003Sadun, E.H., Yamaki, A., Lin, S.S., Burke, J.C., Studies on the host-parasite relationships to Schistosoma japonicum. VI. Acquired resistance in mice and monkeys infected with the Formosan and Japanese strains (1961) The Journal of Parasitology, 47, pp. 891-897. , 2-s2.0-0343097146Mathieson, W., Wilson, R.A., A comparative proteomic study of the undeveloped and developed Schistosoma mansoni egg and its contents: The miracidium, hatch fluid and secretions (2010) International Journal for Parasitology, 40 (5), pp. 617-628. , 2-s2.0-77950023643 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.10.014Eltoum, I.A., Wynn, T.A., Poindexter, R.W., Finkelman, F.D., Lewis, F.A., Sher, A., Cheever, A.W., Suppressive effect of interleukin-4 neutralization differs for granulomas around Schistosoma mansoni eggs injected into mice compared with those around eggs laid in infected mice (1995) Infection and Immunity, 63 (7), pp. 2532-2536. , 2-s2.0-0029012562Anderson, L., Pierce, R.J., Verjovski-Almeida, S., Schistosoma mansoni histones: From transcription to chromatin regulation: An in silico analysis (2012) Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology, 183, pp. 105-114Bina, J.C., Prata, A., Schistosomiasis in hyperendemic area of Taquarendi. I- Schistosoma mansoni infection and severe clinikal forms (2003) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 36 (2), pp. 211-216Zanotti, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Piedrabuena, A.E., Evaluation of the pathogenicity resulting from infection by Schistosoma mansoni Sambon 1907, agent of unisexual infections in Mus musculus (1983) Revista de Saude Publica, 17 (5), pp. 394-405. , 2-s2.0-0020838115Andrade, Z.A., Warren, K.S., Mild prolonged schistosomiasis in mice. Alterations in host response with time and the development of portal fibrosis (1964) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 58 (1), pp. 53-57. , 2-s2.0-000234650

Experimental Evaluation Of The Pathogenicity Of Different Strains Of Schistosoma Mansoni

The pathogenesis of three different Schistosoma mansoni strains from the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais (BH strain) and São Paulo (SJ and SD strains) was evaluated in experimentally infected mice. Observations of the most severe clinical cases among local patients treated (SD strain) in the city of Campinas (São Paulo, Brazil) formed the basis of this study. Mice were used as definitive hosts and were infected with cercariae from Biomphalaria tenagophila (SJ and SD strains) and Biomphalaria glabrata (BH strains). The parameters analyzed were as follows: number of S. mansoni eggs in mice feces; number of granulomas per tissue area in liver, spleen, lungs, pancreas, and ascending colon; measurements of hepatic and intestinal granulomas; number of adult worms; and measurements of trematode eggs. The comparison among the three strains indicated that the SD strain, isolated in Campinas, presented a higher worm recovery relative to the number of penetrating cercariae. In addition, when compared to the SJ and BH strains, the SD strain demonstrated similar pathogenicity to the BH strain, with a greater quantity of granulomas in the viscera, as well as larger granulomas and eggs. Furthermore, a greater quantity of trematode eggs was also shed in the feces. © 2012 Antônio Aurélio Euzébio et al.2012Chieffi, P.P., Waldman, E.A., Aspectos particulares do comportamento epidemiológico da esquistossomose mansônica no Estado de São Paulo (1988) Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 4, pp. 257-275Paraense, W.L., Corrêa, L.R., Sobre a ocorrência de duas raças biológicas do Schistosoma mansoni no Brasil (1963) Ciência e Cultura, 15, pp. 245-246Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Estudo morfológico de Schistosoma mansoni pertencentes às linhagens de Belo Horizonte (BH) e de São José dos Campos (SP) (1973) Revista de Saúde Pública, 7, pp. 289-294Paraense, W.L., Corrêa, L.R., Observations on two biological races of Schistosoma mansoni (1981) Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 76 (3), pp. 287-291. , 2-s2.0-0019593327Lemos Neto, R.C., Magalhães, L.A., Piedrabuena, A.E., Some aspects concerning the study of strains of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907, originating from the States of Minas Gerais and São Paulo, Brazil (1978) Revista de Saude Publica, 12 (3), pp. 277-290. , 2-s2.0-0018018745Magalhães, L.A., Alcântara, F.G., Carvalho, J.F., Distribuição de lesões esquistossomóticas extra-hepáticas em camundongos infectados pelas linhagens BH e SJ de Schistosoma mansoni (1975) Revista de Saúde Pública, 13, pp. 326-334Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Sobre o comportamento de duas linhagens de Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907. Proposição para método de estudo quantitative (1976) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 10, pp. 169-194Santos, N.R., (1967) Esquistossomose Mansônica Autóctone No Vale Do Médio Paraíba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: Contribuição Para O Estudo da Zona Endêmica [Ph.D. Thesis], , São Paulo, Brasil School of Medicine, University of São PauloPiza, J.T., Ramos, A.S., Os focos autóctones da esquistossomose no Estado de São Paulo Arquivos de Higiene e Saúde Pública, 25 (86), pp. 261-271Freitas, A.R.R., Oliveira, A.C.P., Schistosomal myelopathy and the relevance of Schistosomiasis in a low-prevalence area Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Schistosomiasis 2002 Recife, BrazilFreitas, A.R.R., Yokoda, J.C.R., Santos, A.M., Reis, R.D., Neumann, M.M.A.G.L., Yamanaka, A., Approach to hepatic alterations in Schistosomiasis in areas of low prevalence by ultrasonography using WHO standardization Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Schistosomiasis 2002 Recife, BrazilMagalhães, L.A., Technic of viability evaluation of Schistosoma mansoni 's cercariae penetration in Mus musculus (1969) Hospital, 75 (5), pp. 1663-1666. , 2-s2.0-0014514454Katz, N., Chaves, A., Pellegrino, J., A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni (1972) Revista Do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 14 (6), pp. 397-400. , 2-s2.0-0015423525Yolles, T.K., Moore, D.U., De Ginsti, D.L., Ripson, C.A., Meleney, H.E., A technique for the perfusion of laboratory animals for the recovery of Schistosomes (1947) Journal of Parasitology, 33, pp. 419-426Institute, S., (2006) SAS System for Windows Versão 9. 01, , Cory, NC, USASaoud, M.F.A., The infectivity and pathogenicity of geographical strains of Schistosoma mansoni (1966) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60 (5), pp. 585-600. , 2-s2.0-0013993940Bina, J.C., Prata, A., Schistosomiasis in hyperendemic area of Taquarendi. I- Schistosoma mansoni infection and severe clinikal forms (2003) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 36 (2), pp. 211-216Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Relação entre a patogenicidade do Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos e a susceptibilidade do molusco vetor. II. Número de ovos nas fezes e número e tamanho dos granulomas nas vísceras (1993) Revista de Saúde Pública, 27, pp. 412-420Zanotti-Magalhães, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Carvalho, J.F., Relação entre a patogenicidade do Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos e a susceptibilidade do molusco vetor. III. Mortalidade, pesos corporal e das vísceras (1995) Revista de Saúde Pública, 29, pp. 265-270Yoshioka, L., Zanotti-Magalhaes, E.M., Magalhães, L.A., Linhares, A.X., Schistosoma mansoni: A study of pathogenesis of Santa Rosa strain (Campinas, SP, Brasil) in mice (2002) Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 35 (3), pp. 203-207. , 2-s2.0-0036580395De Abreu Ferrari, T.C., Involvement of central nervous system in the schistosomiasis (2004) Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99 (5), pp. 59-62Stadecker, M.J., The development of granulomas in schistosomiasis: Genetic backgrounds, regulatory pathways, and specific egg antigen responses that influence the magnitude of disease (1999) Microbes and Infection, 1 (7), pp. 505-510. , 2-s2.0-0032717153 10.1016/S1286-4579(99)80089-

Trichobius Joblingi, Aspidoptera Falcata, And Megistopoda Proxima (diptera: Streblidae) Parasitic On Carollia Perspicillata And Sturnira Lillium (chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) In Southeastern Brazil: Sex Ratios, Seasonality, Host Site Preference, And Effect Of Parasitism On The Host

This note examines the effect of parasitism on host size, the preference of the parasite for a specific host body area, and the seasonal abundance for the 3 most abundant bat flies (i.e., Trichobius joblingi Wenzel, a parasite of the bat Carollia perspicillata [Linnaeus], and Aspidoptera falcata Wenzel and Megistopoda proxima [Seguy], parasites on Sturnira lilium [Geoffroy]). Trichobius joblingi and A. falcata are moderately dorsoventrally flattened and were collected on the wing membranes of their hosts, and M. proxima is moderately laterally compressed, has long, thin hind legs, and was collected in the body fur of the host. These 3 parasites also showed distinct seasonal patterns. There was a significant negative correlation between the simultaneous occurrence of A. falcata and M. proxima on the host. Parasitism by M. proxima was correlated with a significant weight loss in male S. lilium, which may reflect the large size, high activity, and constant feeding of this parasite, thereby causing a significant negative effect on the host. Sex ratios favoring male flies could be explained by the tendency of female flies to leave the host immediately before the bat leaves the shelter in search for food or immediately after bats are collected but could also be a consequence of higher mortality among females, especially gravid ones. Finally, collecting may have influenced the skewed sex ratio because male flies, being more active, were more evident to the collector.861167170Araújo, G.M., Schiavini, I., Considerações sobre a vegetação da Reserva Ecológica do Panga (Uberlândia) (1989) Sociedade & Natureza, 1, pp. 61-66. , Uberlândia, BrazilAskew, R.R., (1971) Parasitic Insects, 316p. , American Elsevier Publishing Company, New YorkFritz, G.N., Biology and ecology of bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae) on bats in the genus Carollia (1983) Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, pp. 1-10Komeno, C.C., Linhares, A.X., Bat flies parasitic on phyllostomid bats in southeastern Brazil: Parasitism rates and hostparasite relationships (1999) Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 94, pp. 151-156Kunz, T.H., Roosting ecology (1982) Ecology of Bats, pp. 1-55. , T. H. Kunz (ed.). Plenum Press, New YorkMarshall, A.G., (1981) The Ecology of Ectoparasitc Insects, 459p. , Academic Press, London, U.KEcology of insects ectoparasitic on bats (1982) Ecology of Bats, pp. 369-401. , T. H. Kunz (ed.). Plenum Press, New York(1986) SAS User's Guide: Statistics, Version 6 Ed., 1028p. , Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. Cary, North CarolinaSnedecor, G.W., Cochran, W.G., (1989) Statistical Methods, 803p. , Iowa State University Press, Ames, IowaStokes, M.E., Davis, C.S., Koch, G.G., (1995) Categorical Data Analysis Using the SAS System, , Statistical Analysis Systems Institute, Cary, North CarolinaWenzel, R.L., The streblid bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae) (1976) Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, 20, pp. 1-177Tipton, V.J., Kiewlicz, A., Some relationships between mammal hosts and their ectoparasites (1966) Ectoparasites of Panama, pp. 405-675. , R. L. Wenzel and V. J. Tipton (eds.). Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IllinoisWilliams, C.F., Social organization of the bat Carollia perspicillata (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) (1986) Ethology, 71, pp. 265-28

Ovarian Development In The Blowflies Chrysomya Putoria And C. Megacephala On Natural Diets.

Fresh human, chicken and cattle faeces were compared as diets for adult female blowflies Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) and C.putoria (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). As controls, sugar and raw beef liver were used. For females of both species, fresh beef liver was the best of these diets: oogenesis was completed in 10-13 days. Human or chicken faeces facilitated slower oogenesis in 27-48 days. On a diet of cattle faeces, C.putoria females began vitellogenesis only 17 days after emergence, whereas females of C.megacephala remained previtellogenic until the end of the experiment (56 days).3329329

Effect Of Nandrolone Decanoate On The Development Of Three Species Of Chrysomya (diptera: Calliphoridae), Flies Of Forensic Importance In Brazil

Necrophagous insects are valuable tools for postmortem interval (PMI) estimation or for determining the cause of death. Due to the increase in deaths related to drug abuse, it is crucial to know how these substances affect the development of flies that feed on corpses, to avoid errors in the PMI estimates. This study evaluated the effect of nandrolone decanoate, an anabolic androgenic steroid, on the development of immatures of Chrysomya megacephala (F.), Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann), and Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) when added to an artificial rearing diet. Four experimental groups were delineated: three of them were given diets containing 4.5, 22.5, or 45 mg/kg nandrolone decanoate; and a drug-free control group. Weights were recorded at 12-h intervals from larval eclosion to pupation. No statistically significant differences were observed in mean larval weights, emergence interval, or emergence rates for all groups. However, differences in the three species were observed during the larval development. Initially, C. putoria reared in the highest concentration of decanoate showed greater weight gain. However, at older ages, immatures reached lower mean weights than the control group. For C. albiceps, the highest concentration of decanoate contributed to an effective lack of weight gain during almost the entire course of larval development. Therefore, the influence of any drug on development should always be considered. © 2011 Entomological Society of America.481111117Bourel, B., Tournel, G., Hédouin, V., Deveaux, M., Goff, M.L., Gosset, D., Morphine extraction in necrophagous insects remains for determining ante-mortem opiate intoxication (2001) Forensic Sci. Int., 120, pp. 127-131Bourel, B., Hédouin, V., Martin-Bouyer, L., Bécart, A., Tournel, G., Deveaux, M., Gosset, D., Effects of morphine in decomposing bodies on the development of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1999) J. Forensic Sci., 44, pp. 354-358Byrd, J.H., Castner, J.L., Insects of forensic importance (2001) Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations, pp. 43-79. , In J. H. Byrd and J. L. Castner (eds.), CRC, Boca Raton, FLCarvalho, L.M.L., Linhares, A.X., Seasonality of insect succession and pig carcass decomposition in a natural forest area in southeastern Brazil (2001) J. Forensic Sci., 46, pp. 604-608Carvalho, L.M.L., Thyssen, P.J., Linhares, A.X., Palhares, F.A.B., A checklist of arthropods associated with pig carrion and human corpses in Southeastern Brazil (2000) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 95, pp. 135-138Carvalho, L.M.L., Linhares, A.X., Trigo, J.R., Determination of drug levels and the effect of diazepam on the growth of necrophagous flies of forensic importance in southeastern Brazil (2001) Forensic Sci. Int., 120, pp. 140-144Carvalho, L.M.L., Thyssen, P.J., Goff, M.L., Linhares, A.X., Observations on the succession patterns of necrophagous insects onto a pig carcass in an urban area of Southeastern Brazil (2004) Aggrawal's Int. J. For. Med. Toxicol., 5, pp. 33-39Catts, E.P., Analysing entomological data (1990) Entomology and Death: A Procedural Guide, pp. 124-137. , In E. P. Catts and N. H. Haskell (eds.), Joyce's Print Shop, Clemson, SCCatts, E.P., Goff, M.L., Forensic entomology in criminal investigations (1992) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 37, pp. 253-272Conceiçao, C.A., Wander, F.S., Massili, L.P., Vianna, L.A.F., Gonçalves, D.M., Fossati, G., Uso de anabolizantes entre praticantes de musculação em academias (1999) Rev. Pesq. Méd., 33, pp. 103-116Cunha, T.S., Cunha, N.S., Moura, M.J.C.S., Marcondes, F.K., Esteróides anabólicos androgěnicos e sua relação com a prática desportiva (2004) Rev. Bras. Ciěnc. Farmac., 40, pp. 165-179Da Silva, C., Villet, M.H., Effects of prophylactic progesterone in decomposing tissues on the development of Chrysomya chloropyga (Wiedeman) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2006) Afr. Entomol., 14, pp. 199-202Estrada, D.A., Grella, M.D., Thyssen, P.J., Linhares, A.X., Taxa de desenvolvimento de Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) em dieta artificial acrescida de tecido animal para uso forense (2009) Neotrop. Entomol., 38, pp. 203-207Faria, L.D.B., Godoy, W.A.C., Reis, S.F., Larval predation on different instars in blowfly populations (2004) Brazil. Arch. Biol. Technol., 47, pp. 887-894Ferrari, A.C., Soares, A.T.C., Guimaraes, M.A., Thyssen, P.J., Efeito da testosterona no desenvolvimento de Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2008) Medicina (Ribeirão Preto)., 41, pp. 30-34Frizon, F., Macedo, S.M.D., Yonamine, M.M., Uso de esteróides andrógenos anabólicos por praticantes de atividade física das principais academias de Erechim e Passo Fundo/RS (2005) Rev. Ciěnc. Farmac. Bas. Appl., 26, pp. 227-232Goff, M.L., Omori, A.I., Goodbrod, J.R., Effect of cocaine in tissues on the development rate of Boettcherisca peregrina (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) (1989) J. Med. Entomol., 26, pp. 91-93Goff, M.L., Brown, W.A., Hewadikaram, K.A., Omori, A.I., Effect of heroin in decomposing tissues on the development rate of Boettcherisca peregrina (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) and implications of this effect on estimation do postmortem intervals using arthropod development patterns (1991) J. Forensic Sci., 36, pp. 537-542Greenberg, B., Kunich., J.C., (2002) Entomology and the Law: Flies as Forensic Indicators, , Cambridge, New YorkGuimaraes, J.H., Prado, A.P., Linhares, A.X., Three newly introduced blowfly species in southern Brazil (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1978) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 22, pp. 53-60Guimaraes-Neto, W.M., (2005) Musculação-Anabolismo Total: Treinamento, Nutrição, Esteróides Anabólicos, Outros Ergogěnicos, , 7 ed. Phorte, São Paulo, BrazilGuyton, A.C., Hall, J.E., Funçõ es reprodutivas e hormonais no homem (2002) Tratado de Fisiologia Médica, pp. 774-785. , In A. C. Guyton and J. E. Hall., 10a ed. Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilIntrona, F., Campobasso, C.P., Difazio, A., Three case studies in forensic entomology from southern Italy (1998) J. Forensic Sci., 43, pp. 210-214Iriart, J.A.B., Chaves, J.C., Orleans, R.G., Culto ao corpo e uso de anabolizantes entre praticantes de musculação (2009) Cad. Saúde Púb., 25, pp. 773-782Klowden, M.J., (2002) Physiological Systems in Insects, , Academic. London, United KingdomLise, M.L.Z., Gama E Silva, T.S., Ferigolo, M., Barros, H.M.T., O abuso de esteróides anabólico-androgěnicos em atletismo (1999) Rev. Assoc. Méd. Bras., 45, pp. 364-370Marchiori, C.H., Silva, C.G., Caldas, E.R., Vieira, C.I.S., Almeida, K.G.S., Teixeira, F.F., Linhares, A.X., Artrópodes associados com carcaça de suíno em Itumbiara, sul de Goiás (2000) Arq. Inst. Biol., 67, pp. 167-170Moretti, T.C., Ribeiro, O.B., Thyssen, P.J., Solis, D.R., Insects on decomposing carcasses of small rodents in a secondary forest in southeastern Brazil (2008) Eur. J. Entomol., 105, pp. 691-696Musvasva, E., Williams, K.A., Muller, W.J., Villet, M.H., Preliminary observations on the effects of hydrocortisone ans sodium methohexital on development of Sarcophaga (Curranea) tibialis Macquart (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), and implications for estimating post mortem interval (2001) Forensic Sci. Int., 120, pp. 37-41Nuorteva, P., Nuorteva, S.L., The fate of mercury in sarcosaprophagous flies and in insects eating them (1982) Ambio, 11, pp. 34-37Nuorteva, P., Sarcosaprophagous insects as forensic indicators (1977) Forensic Medicine: A Study in Trauma and Environmental Hazards, 2, pp. 1072-1095. , In C. G. Tedeschi, W. G. Eckert, and L. G. Tedeschi (eds.), W. B., Saunders, Philadelphia, PAOga, S., (1996) Fundamentos de toxicologia, , Atheneu, São Paulo, BrazilOliveira, H.G., Gomes, G., Morlin Jr., J.J., Zuben, C.J.V., Linhares, A.X., The effect of Buscopan on the development of the blow fly Chrysomya megacephala (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2009) J. Forensic Sci., 54, pp. 202-206(2006) SAS User's Guide: Statistics, , SAS Institute, 6Th ed, SAS Institute, Cary, NCSilva, L.S.M.F., Moreau, R.L.M., Uso de esteróides anabólico androgěnicos por praticantes de musculaçãode grandes academias da cidade de São Paulo (2003) Rev. Bras. Ciěnc. Farmac., 39, pp. 327-333Silva, P.R.P., Machado Jr., L.C., Figueiredo, V.C., Cioffi, A.P., Prestes, M.C., Czepielewski, M.A., Prevalěncia do uso de agentes anabólicos em praticantes de musculação de Porto Alegre (2007) Arq. Bras. Endocr. Metabol., 51, pp. 104-110Smith, K.G.V., (1986) A Manual of Forensic Entomology, , Cornell University Press, New YorkSohal, R.S., Lamb, R.E., Intracellular deposition of metals in the midgut of the adult housefly, Musca domestica (1977) J. Insect Physiol., 23, pp. 1349-1354Sohal, R.S., Lamb, R.E., Storage-excretion of metallic cations in the adult housefly, Musca domestica (1979) J. Insect Physiol., 25, pp. 119-124Souza, A.M., Linhares, A.X., Diptera and Coleoptera of potential forensic importance in southeastern Brazil: Relative abundance and seasonality (1997) Med. Vet. Entomol., 11, pp. 8-1