Associação do methimazole e do ondansetron à quimioterapia com cisplatina em cães submetidos a quatro diferentes protocolos de fluidoterapia Association of methimazole and ondansetron to cisplatin chemotherapy in dogs submitted to four different fluid therapy protocols

Utilizaram-se 12 cães, machos, distribuídos em quatro grupos (G) experimentais, selecionados de acordo com o tempo de fluidoterapia com solução fisiológica 0,9%: G1 (sem fluidoterapia), G2 (uma hora de fluidoterapia antes da cisplatina), G3 (uma hora de fluidoterapia antes da cisplatina e uma hora após) e G4 (duas horas de fluidoterapia antes da cisplatina e uma após). Todos os animais receberam a cisplatina (70mg/m²), pela via intravenosa, sendo os ciclos de quimioterapia realizados em intervalos de três semanas, num total de três ciclos. O ondansetron (0,4mg/kg) foi administrado pela via intravenosa, a cada oito horas, no dia da quimioterapia e, a seguir, a cada 12 horas, por dois dias. O methimazole (40mg/kg) foi pela via oral, 30 minutos antes da cisplatina e quatro horas após. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos, urinários e dosagem de tiroxina e triiodotironina a cada sete dias até o término do experimento. Esse protocolo foi eficaz e seguro em cães que permaneceram sob fluidoterapia durante duas a três horas. Os animais que não receberam fluidoterapia e os que ficaram somente uma hora sob infusão intravenosa de solução fisiológica apresentaram alterações que resultaram em não-recomendação do protocolo.<br>Twelve male dogs were divided in four experimental groups (G), which were selected according to the time of 0.9% saline fluid therapy: G1 (without saline therapy), G2 (an hour of saline therapy before receiving cisplatin), G3 (an hour of saline therapy before receiving cisplatin and one hour after) and G4 (two hours of saline therapy before receiving cisplatin and one hour after). All the animals received 70mg/m² cisplatin, via intravenous, and the chemotherapy cycles were accomplished in intervals of three weeks, in a total of three cycles. Ondansetron (0.4mg/kg) was administered via intravenous, every 8 hours, on the day of the chemotherapy and, from that, every 12 hours for two days. Methimazole (40mg/kg) was orally administered 30 minutes before the cisplatin injection and four hours after. The hematological, biochemical and urinary parameters and dosages of tiroxin and triiodotironine were evaluated every seven days until the end of the experiment. This protocol was effective and safe in the animals that stayed for a period of two or three hours receiving saline therapy, because they did not present clinical and laboratory alterations of the use of chemotherapy. The animals that did not receive saline therapy and those that received infusion of physiologic solution via IV only during one hour presented alterations that made unfeasible the use of this protocol

Toward understanding and exploiting tumor heterogeneity

The extent of tumor heterogeneity is an emerging theme that researchers are only beginning to understand. How genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity affects tumor evolution and clinical progression is unknown. The precise nature of the environmental factors that influence this heterogeneity is also yet to be characterized. Nature Medicine, Nature Biotechnology and the Volkswagen Foundation organized a meeting focused on identifying the obstacles that need to be overcome to advance translational research in and tumor heterogeneity. Once these key questions were established, the attendees devised potential solutions. Their ideas are presented here.SCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe