Morphological evaluation of the bonding between adhesive/composite resin and dentin irradiated with Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers: comparative study using scanning microscopy

Desde a introdução de sistemas adesivos nos procedimentos restauradores com materiais estéticos, tem-se estudado de forma abrangente o tipo de tratamento na superfície dentinária para se consagrar uma técnica ideal. A utilização do ácido fosfórico a 37% sobre a dentina é atualmente ainda o método que mais se domina em termos de adesividade. Porém, métodos de tratamento alternativos, na dentina, têm sido discutidos na literatura, entre eles a aplicação de alguns tipos de irradiação a laser. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar morfologicamente a união adesivo/resina composta e dentina irradiada com laser Er:YAG e laser Nd:YAG num estudo comparativo por microscopia de varredura, utilizados em substituição ao condicionamento ácido ou associados ao mesmo. Foram utilizados dentes bovinos recém-extraídos, que receberam um preparo de cavidade de classe V, e restauração com sistema adesivo e resina composta fotoativada. Como variantes alguns deles receberam o tratamento prévio de irradiação com laser Er:YAG e outros de irradiação com laser Nd:YAG, à aplicação do agente adesivo e da resina composta. As amostras foram seccionadas, preparadas para microscopia de varredura e submetidas a uma análise morfológica, e foram feitos os registros por meio de fotomicrografias. Com base nessas observações microscópicas, concluímos que somente no tratamento da superfície da dentina com laser Er:YAG e condicionamento ácido houve penetração da resina na dentina. Nos tratamentos com laser Nd:YAG, houve apenas aparente superposição da resina na superfície dentinária, sugerindo que houve oclusão dos túbulos com características de fusão na dentina superficial.Since bonding systems were introduced in the restorative procedures carried out with esthetic materials, the treatment of dentin surfaces has been widely studied in order to establish the ideal technique. The application of 37% phosphoric acid on dentin is still the best known method. However, alternative methods for treating the dentin surface have been discussed in the literature, including the utilization of some kinds of laser irradiation. The purpose of this research was to morphologically evaluate the bond between adhesive materials and the dentin treated with Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers, in a comparative study by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Irradiation either substituted acid etching, or was associated to it. Recently extracted bovine incisors were utilized. They received class V cavity preparations and were restored with a bonding system and a light-cured composite resin. Meanwhile, some of the teeth underwent irradiation with Er:YAG laser or Nd:YAG laser before the application of the bonding agent and the composite resin. The samples were selected, prepared for SEM and submitted to morphological analysis. Data were registered in photomicrographs. Based on the microscopic observations, we concluded that only in the dentin surfaces submitted to irradiation with Er:YAG laser and to acid conditioning there was penetration of resin into the dentine. With the Nd:YAG laser treatment, there was only visual superposition of resin over the dentin surface, which suggests that there was only occlusion of the tubules, with characteristics of fusion in the superficial dentine

NADPH- Diaphorase positive cardiac neurons in the atria of mice. A morphoquantitative study

BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted to determine the location, the morphology and distribution of NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons in the cardiac nerve plexus of the atria of mice (ASn). This plexus lies over the muscular layer of the atria, dorsal to the muscle itself, in the connective tissue of the subepicardium. NADPH- diaphorase staining was performed on whole-mount preparations of the atria mice. For descriptive purposes, all data are presented as means ± SEM. RESULTS: The majority of the NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons were observed in the ganglia of the plexus. A few single neurons were also observed. The number of NADPH-d positive neurons was 57 ± 4 (ranging from 39 to 79 neurons). The ganglion neurons were located in 3 distinct groups: (1) in the region situated cranial to the pulmonary veins, (2) caudally to the pulmonary veins, and (3) in the atrial groove. The largest group of neurons was located cranially to the pulmonary veins (66.7%). Three morphological types of NADPH-diaphorase neurons could be distinguished on the basis of their shape: unipolar cells, bipolar cells and cells with three processes (multipolar cells). The unipolar neurons predominated (78.9%), whereas the multipolar were encountered less frequently (5,3%). The sizes (area of maximal cell profile) of the neurons ranged from about 90 μm(2)to about 220 μm(2). Morphometrically, the three types of neurons were similar and there were no significant differences in their sizes. The total number of cardiac neurons (obtained by staining the neurons with NADH-diaphorase method) was 530 ± 23. Therefore, the NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons of the heart represent 10% of the number of cardiac neurons stained by NADH. CONCLUSION: The obtained data have shown that the NADPH-d positive neurons in the cardiac plexus of the atria of mice are morphologically different, and therefore, it is possible that the function of the neurons may also be different

Aspectos radiográficos e da microvasculatura do músculo esternocleidomastóideo pelo pelo ramo da artéria occipital

A contribuição do ramo esternocleidomastóideo da artéria occipital para a irrigação do músculo esternocleidomastóideo foi avaliada em cadáveres humanos não fixados, através da injeção de contraste radiográfico e de resina polimerizável para estudo da microvasculatura. O músculo foi dividido nos terços superior, médio e inferior, a partir da sua inserção no processo mastóideo do osso temporal. Na maioria dos músculos, o pedículo superior apresentou-se formado por dois ramos paralelos longitudinais. Em todos os casos, o contraste radiográfico atingiu ou ultrapassou a parte média do músculo. Na parte mais distal do terço inferior, há pouca ou nenhuma contribuição do pedículo superior para a irrigação dessa região muscular sugerindo a contribuição de outros vasos para a sua irrigação. Os modelos de corrosão demonstraram a presença de uma profusa rede vascular no interior do músculo.The contribution of the sternocleidomastoid branch of the occipital artery (superior arterial pedicle - SAP) to the irrigation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) was evaluated in fresh human cadavers by injecting radiological dye and a resin for microvasculature corrosion casts. From its insertion in the mastoid process of the temporal bone, the SCM was divided into superior, medium, and inferior thirds. In most of the SCM, The SAP are formed by two longitudinal parallel branches. In all specimens, the radiological dye injected into the SAP reached or trespassed the middle part of the studied SCM. The SAP was poorly distributed in the lowermost region of the inferior third of the SCM, suggesting the contribution of other arteries or pedicles. The corrosion casts of the microvasculature showed a profuse network of microscopic vessels in those levels where the SAP was detected

Eversão da vesícula urinária no coelho

No setor de criação de coelhos da DTAEP- F.M. USP foi verificada em uma coelha N.Z.W. adulta a eversão completa da vesícula urinária. Ao exame macroscópico, a superfície mucosa apresentou-se de coloração avermelhada e com formações papilomatosas de 3 a 7 cm irregularmente distribuídas na porção distal do órgão. Cortes histológicos da área papilomatosa demonstraram uma erosão da mucosa recoberta por crosta de fibrina e hemáceas em alguns pontos. Preparados histológicos em outras regiões apresentaram quadro semelhante, com áreas focais de infiltrado inflamatório mais intenso. Tais resultados permitiram concluir um quadro de cistite crônica inespecífica.A rare case of complete urinary bladder inversion was verified in a female adult new zeeland while rabbit. Under the macroscopical analysis, the mucosal lining had a red hue and irregularly distributed in the distal, portion of the organ papillomatous structures were verified. In this region, a mucosal erosion overlaid in some places by fibrin with erythrocytes scab was observed under a microscopical aspect. The same pattern as described above was observed in other regions of the bladder, where the focal areas had a more intensive inflammatory infiltrate. These results allowed to conclude a inespecific chronic cystitis aspect

Evaluation of protein undernourishment on the condylar process of the Wistar rat mandible correlation with insulin receptor expression

The mandible condylar process cartilage (CP) of Wistar rats is a secondary cartilage and acts as a mandibular growth site. This phenomenon depends on adequate proteins intake and hormone actions, including insulin. Objectives The present study evaluated the morphological aspects and the expression of the insulin receptor (IR) in the cartilage of the condylar process (CP) of rats subjected to protein undernourishment. Material and Methods The nourished group received a 20% casein diet, while the undernourished group (U) received a 5% casein diet. The re-nourished groups, R and RR, were used to assess the effects of re-nutrition during puberty and adulthood, respectively. CPs were processed and stained with picro-sirius red, safranin-O and azocarmine. Scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry were also performed. Results The area of the CP cartilage and the number of cells in the chondroblastic layer decreased in the U group, as did the thickness of the CP layer in the joint and hypertrophic layer. Renourishment during the pubertal stage, but not during the adult phase, restored these parameters. The cell number was restored when re-nutrition occurred in the pubertal stage, but not in the adult phase. The extracellular matrix also decreased in the U group, but was restored by re-nutrition during the pubertal stage and further increased in the adult phase. IR expression was observed in all CPs, being higher in the chondroblastic and hypertrophic cartilage layers. The lowest expression was found in the U and RR groups. Conclusions Protein malnutrition altered the cellularity, the area, and the fibrous cartilage complex, as well as the expression of the IRs

Características morfológicas de la pars de C2 de humanos

OBJETIVO: avaliar a morfometria da pars da segunda vértebra cervical, verificar as variações existentes e predizer sua segurança para a colocação de parafusos por meio de uma abordagem cervical posterior. MÉTODOS: 58 vértebras foram obtidas para estudo anatômico (116 pars de C2) e foram medidas a altura e largura da pars, além do comprimento eixo-pedículo, largura e comprimento do pedículo, angulação sagital e medial. Todas as medidas foram separadas quanto aos seus lados direito e esquerdo; foi realizado o cálculo da média, variação, desvio padrão e a médica foi comparada com os estudos prévios. RESULTADOS: a largura média da pars de C2 foi de 9,5 mm; a altura, 9,5 mm; não houve diferença significativa entre os lados esquerdo e direito. O comprimento médio do pedículo foi de 10,5 mm; a medida média encontrada para o comprimento eixo-pedículo foi de 24,9 mm; a largura do pedículo foi de 2,8 mm. A angulação sagital encontrada foi de 19,6º e a horizontal foi de 28,5º. CONCLUSÕES: este estudo demonstra a viabilidade para a colocação de parafuso na pars de C2 em uma população caucasiana, destacando-se, porém, a grande variabilidade anatômica encontrada nas referidas medidas.OBJECTIVE: to evaluate de morphometry of the pars of the second cervical vertebra, assess the variations existent and predict its safety for the placement of screws through a posterior cervical approach. METHODS: 58 vertebrae were obtained for anatomic study (116 pars of C2) and measured the height and width of the pars, besides the length of the axis-pedicle, width and length of the pedicle, sagittal and medial angulations. All measurements were separated as to their right and left sides, completed the calculation of media, variation, standard deviation and compared to previous studies. RESULTS: the medium width of the pars of C2 was 9,5 mm, the height, 9,5 mm, without significant difference between right and left sides. The medium length of the pedicle was 10.5 mm and the medium measurement found for the length axis-pedicle was of 24.9 mm and the width of the pedicle was of 2.8 mm. The sagittal angulation found was of 19.6º and the horizontal was of 28.5º. CONCLUSIONS: this study demonstrates the viability of positioning screws in the pars of C2 in a Caucasian population, emphasizing, however, the great anatomic variability found in the referred measurements.OBJETIVO: evaluar la morfometría de la pars de la segunda vértebra cervical, verificar las variaciones existentes y predecir su seguridad para la colocación de los tornillos por un abordaje cervical posterior. MÉTODOS: 58 vértebras fueron obtenidas para el estudio anatómico (116 pars de C2) y fueron medidas su altura y el ancho de las pars, además de la largura eje-pedículo, ancho y largura del pedículo, ángulo sagital y medial. Todas las medidas fueron separadas según sus lados derecho e izquierdo, se realizó el cálculo de la media, variación, desvío estándar y comparados los valores con estudios previos. RESULTADOS: el ancho promedio de la pars de C2 fue de 9.5 mm, la altura de 9.5 mm, sin diferencia significativa entre los lados izquierdo y derecho. La largura promedio del pedículo fue de 10.5 mm y la medida promedio encontrada para la largura eje-pedículo fue de 24.9 mm, además del ancho del pedículo que fue de 2.8 mm. El ángulo sagital encontrado fue de 19.6° y de la horizontal de 28.5°. CONCLUSIÓN: este estudio demuestra la viabilidad para la colocación de tornillos en la pars de C2 en una población caucásica, pero destacándose la gran variabilidad anatómica encontrada en las medidas referentes

Relação entre velocidade crítica, limiar anaeróbio, parâmetros associados ao VO2max, capacidade anaeróbia e custo de O2 submáximo

The purposes of the study were to compare and correlate the running velocities associated with the maximal oxygen consumption (Vmax), anaerobic threshold (LL), ventilatory threshold (LV), critical velocity (CV), anaerobic work capacity (AWC) and oxygen cost during sub-maximal exercise (C). METHODS: Eight male physically active subjects (20.8±1.6 years; 74.3±14.9 kg), performed the following tests: 1) 500m and 3km time trial (Vm500 and Vm3km); 2) Incremental test on treadmill for of LL, LV, VO2max and Vmax identification; 3) sustained running at Vmax (Tmax) and identification of the time to VO2max and time at VO2max. The CV and AWC were obtained from linear regression (distance x time on 500m and 3km test). The C was determined as a ratio between sub-maximal running velocity and its VO2. RESULTS: A high correlation was verified for Vm3km and Vmax (r=0.83), Vm3km and VC (r=0.98), Vm500 and VC (r=0.90), Vm500 and Vm3km (r=0.92), and between Vm500 and Time to VO2max (r=0.69). No differences were observed between LL and LV (178.7±20.0 e 180.7±21.8m.min –1) (p>0.05). Also a high correlation between LL and Vmax¬ (r=0.91), CV (r=0.96), and Vm3km (r=0.96) were verified. The AWC was negatively correlated to running economy for those with higher aerobic capacity. CONCLUSION: The CV, AWC, Vm500 an Vm3km can be used for exercise evaluation and training prescription. Due the correlation with the C, the AWC may be an indicative of mechanical inefficiency.Os objetivos do estudo foram analisar as relações existentes entre a velocidade de corrida associada ao VO2max (Vmax), tempo para obtenção do VO2max na Vmax, tempo no VO2max, limiar de lactato (LL), limiar ventilatório (LV), velocidade crítica (VC), capacidade de trabalho anaeróbio (CTAn), desempenho em corrida de 500m e 3km e custo de O2 durante exercício submáximo (C). MÉTODOS: 8 homens fisicamente ativos (20,8±1,6 anos; 74,3±14,9kg) realizaram: 1) Corrida 3km e 500m máximos (Vm3km e Vm500). 2) Teste incremental em esteira para determinação do LL, LV, VO2max e Vmax. 3) Tempo de permanência na Vmax (Tmax), Tempo para atingir o VO2max e Tempo no VO2max. A VC e a CTAn foram obtidas (método linear) a partir dos testes de 3km e 500m. O C foi determinado dividindo-se a velocidade de corrida submáxima pelo respectivo VO2. RESULTADOS: Observou-se alta correlação entre Vm3km e Vmax (r=0,83), Vm3km e VC (r=0,98), Vm500 e VC (r=0,90) e entre Vm500 e Tempo no VO2max (r=0,69). Não foram verificadas diferenças entre LL e LV (178,7±20,0 e 180,7±21,8 m.min-1), sendo o LL altamente correlacionado com Vmax (r=0,91), VC (r=0,96) e Vm3km (r=0,96). Correlação positiva foi observada entre CTAn e C para indivíduos com maior aptidão aeróbia (r=0,79). CONCLUSÕES: As correlações apresentadas entre Vm500 e tempo no VO2max e entre Vm500 e VC indicam que exercícios de curta duração e alta intensidade são positivamente influenciados pela aptidão aeróbia. Devido a correlação significativa com o C, a CTAn se mostra como um possível indicador de ineficiência mecânica no exercício aeróbio