Long-term Results after CT-Guided Percutaneous Ethanol Ablation for the Treatment of Hyperfunctioning Adrenal Disorders

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and long-term efficacy of computed tomography-guided percutaneous ethanol ablation for benign primary and secondary hyperfunctioning adrenal disorders. METHOD: We retrospectively evaluated the long-term results of nine patients treated with computed tomography-guided percutaneous ethanol ablation: eight subjects who presented with primary adrenal disorders, such as pheochromocytoma, primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia and aldosterone-producing adenoma, and one subject with Cushing disease refractory to conventional treatment. Eleven sessions were performed for the nine patients. The patient data were reviewed for the clinical outcome and procedure-related complications over ten years. RESULTS: Patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma had clinical improvement: symptoms recurred in one case 96 months after ethanol ablation, and the other patient was still in remission 110 months later. All patients with pheochromocytoma had clinical improvement but were eventually submitted to surgery for complete remission. No significant clinical improvement was seen in patients with hypercortisolism due to primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia or Cushing disease. Major complications were seen in five of the eleven procedures and included cardiovascular instability and myocardial infarction. Minor complications attributed to sedation were seen in two patients. CONCLUSION: Computed tomography-guided ethanol ablation does not appear to be suitable for the long-term treatment of hyperfunctioning adrenal disorders and is not without risks

Aspectos clínicos e moleculares de tumor adrenocortical metacrônico pediátrico

The occurrence of metachronous adrenocortical carcinoma has rarely been described. We report a case of a child with virilizing adrenocortical metachronous tumors that, despite several metastases, presented long-term survival (15 years). We analyzed in this tumor IGF2, IGF1R and FGFR4 gene expression, and evaluated the presence of p.R337H germline p53 mutation and somatic CTNNB1 mutation. IGF2 gene was over-expressed in both left (Weiss score 5) and right (Weiss 7) adrenocortical tumors. IGF1R expression levels were higher in the right adrenocortical tumor. FGFR4 over-expression was also detected in the right adrenocortical tumor. In addition, this patient harbors the germline p.R337H p53 mutation and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was detected in the tumors. No somatic CTNNB1 mutations were found in both tumors. In conclusion, we demonstrated in this unusual case the over-expression of growth signaling pathways, which are molecular mechanisms previously related to adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the absence of somatic CTNNB1 mutations, which is a molecular marker of poor prognosis in adults, might be related to the long-term survival of this patient.A ocorrência de carcinomas adrenocorticais metacrônicos é raramente relatada. Descrevemos o caso de uma criança portadora de tumor adrenocortical virilizante metacrônico que, apesar das inúmeras metástases, apresentou uma longa sobrevida (15 anos). Analisamos nesse tumor a expressão gênica de IGF2, IGF1R e FGFR4 e avaliamos a presença da mutação germinativa R337H no p53 e mutação somática no gene CTNNB1. O gene IGF2 foi hiperexpresso nos tumores adrenocorticais esquerdo (Weiss 5) e direito (Weiss 7). Os níveis de expressão de IGF1R foram maiores no tumor direito. Hiperexpressão do gene FGFR4 também foi observada no tumor adrenocortical direito. Esse paciente é portador da mutação germinativa R337H no p53, e perda de heterozigose (LOH) foi observada em ambos os tumores. Não foram encontradas mutações no gene CTNNB1 nos tumores. Em conclusão, demonstramos neste caso a hiperexpressão de vias moleculares de crescimento, que são mecanismos previamente relacionados à tumorigênese adrenocortical. Além disso, não encontramos mutações somáticas no gene CTNNB1, que é um marcador molecular de mau prognóstico em adultos e poderia estar relacionado à longa sobrevida desse paciente

Statins reduce intratumor cholesterol affecting adrenocortical cancer growth

Mitotane causes hypercholesterolemia in ACC patients. We suppose that cholesterol increases within the tumor and can be used to activate proliferative pathways. In this study, we used statins to decrease intratumor cholesterol and investigated the effects on ACC growth related to ER\u3b1 action at the nuclear and mitochondrial levels. We first used microarray to investigate mitotane effect on genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis and evaluated their relationship with patients' survival in ACC TCGA. We then blocked cholesterol synthesis with simvastatin and determined the effects on H295R cell proliferation, estradiol production and ER\u3b1 activity in vitro and in xenograft tumors. We found that mitotane increases intratumor cholesterol content and expression of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis, among them INSIG, whose expression affects patients' survival. Treatment of H295R cells with simvastatin to block cholesterol synthesis decreased cellular cholesterol content and this affected cell viability. Simvastatin reduced estradiol production and decreased nuclear and mitochondrial ER\u3b1 function. A mitochondrial target of ER\u3b1, the respiratory complex IV (COX IV) was reduced after simvastatin treatment, which profoundly affected mitochondrial respiration activating apoptosis. In vivo experiments confirmed the ability of simvastatin to reduce tumor volume and weight of grafted H295R cells, intratumor cholesterol content, Ki-67 and ER\u3b1, COX IV expression and activity and increase TUNEL positive cells. Collectively these data demonstrate that a reduction in intratumor cholesterol content prevents estradiol production, inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain inducing apoptosis in ACC cells. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by simvastatin represents a novel strategy to counteract ACC growth

Expression profiles of metastasis-related genes in a cohort of childhood and adult adrenocortical tumors

O carcinoma do córtex da supra-renal (ACC) é uma neoplasia rara e de prognóstico sombrio. Embora estudos moleculares tenham explorado diversos aspectos relacionados à tumorigênese destas neoplasias, o conhecimento das vias relacionadas à disseminação metastática é restrito. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a expressão de genes relacionados a metástases em uma coorte de pacientes portadores de tumores do córtex da supra-renal metastáticos e não-metastáticos, a fim de identificar vias envolvidas na disseminação metastática destas neoplasias, novos marcadores prognósticos e eventuais alvos terapêuticos. Os perfis de expressão de 27 tumores do córtex da supra-renal de 15 pacientes adultos (8 ACC e 7 adenomas) e 12 pediátricos (5 metastáticos e 7 não-metastáticos) foram avaliados por um array de expressão contendo um painel de 113 genes que sabidamente estão envolvidos no processo de disseminação metastática de diversas neoplasias humanas. A análise de grupamentos mostrou que adenoma dos pacientes adultos forma um grupo distinto dos demais tumores (ACC de adultos e tumores pediátricos). Os genes MMP11e DENR foram identificados como diferencialmente expressos quando se compararam os adenomas e ACC de adultos. Na comparação dos tumores pediátricos nenhum gene foi diferencialmente expresso. Assim como a análise de grupamento, a PCA utilizando grupo selecionado de genes também não foi capaz partir os tumores pediátricos em subgrupos pela evolução. A expressão dos genes MMP2, TIMP3 e FN1 também foram avaliados por RT-PCR e foram concordantes com os dados gerados pelo array de expressão. O papel da LOH como causa da redução da expressão de TIMP3 foi estudado com tipagem de microssatélites. Em alguns casos, foi identificada LOH da região 22q13. Porém, em outros casos em que a expressão do TIMP3 foi bastante reduzida, não houve LOH. Em resumo, foram identificados aspectos moleculares importantes envolvidos na disseminação e metástases de neoplasias do córtex da supra-renal de adultos e crianças, bem como características biológicas deste processo. Diferentes padrões de expressão identificados em tumores metastáticos e não-metastáticos podem ajudar na predição do prognósticoAdrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare neoplasm with a poor prognosis. Although molecular studies have uncovered many aspects of ACC tumorigenesis, little is known about molecular pathways involved in metastatic spread. The objective of our study is to analyze the expression profile of metastasis-related genes in a cohort of metastatic and nonmetastatic adrenocortical tumors in order to identify genes involved in the metastatic spread, as well as to find new prognostic markers. The expression profiles of 27 adrenocortical tumors from 15 adults (8 ACC and 7 adenomas) and 12 children (5 metastatic and 7 non-metastatic) were evaluated by an array of 113 known to be involved in human metastasis. Cluster analysis showed adult adrenocortical adenomas form a group distinct from other adrenocortical tumors (adult carcinomas and pediatric tumors). The comparison of adult adenoma and ACC revealed that MMP11 and DENR were differentially expressed between these two groups while no gene was differentially expressed among pediatric adrenocortical tumors. Similarly to cluster analysis, Principal component analysis failed to identify partition amongst pediatric tumors categorized by their evolution. The expression data of MMP2, TIMP3 and FN1 genes by RT-PCR agreed with those generated by the arrays. LOH of 22q12.3 region was detected in some cases in which TIMP3 down regulation was verified (but not in all cases). In conclusion, we have identified important aspects of molecular pathways and biological characteristics involved in metastatic spread of adrenocortical tumors. Distinctive patterns of gene expression between metastatic and nonmetastatic tumors may help in prognosis predictio

Recurrent Hyperparathyroidism Due to a Novel CDC73 Splice Mutation

The recognition of hereditary causes of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is important because clinical care and surveillance differ significantly between sporadic and hereditary pHPT. In addition, the increasing number of genetic tests poses a challenge to classify mutations as benign or pathogenic. Functional workâ up of variants remains a mainstay to provide evidence for pathogenicity. We describe a 52â yearâ old male patient with recurrent pHPT since age 35 years. Despite several neck surgeries with complete parathyroidectomy, he experienced persistent pHPT, necessitating repeated surgery for a forearm autotransplant, which finally resulted in unmeasurable parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Genetic testing revealed a new CDC73 variant (c.238â 8G>A [IVS2â 8G>A]), initially classified as a variant of uncertain significance. Parathyroid tissue from the initial surgeries showed loss of heterozygosity. Using an RTâ PCR approach, we show that the mutation leads to the use of a cryptic splice site in peripheral mononuclear cells. In addition, a minigene approach confirms the use of the cryptic splice site in a heterologous cell system. The novel c.238â 8G>A CDC73 variant activates a cryptic splice site, and the functional data provided justify the classification as a likely pathogenic variant. Our results underscore the importance of functional workâ up for variant classification in the absence of other available data, such as presence in diseaseâ specific databases, other syndromic clinical findings, or family history. In addition, the presented case exemplifies the importance to consider a hereditary condition in young patients with pHPT, particularly those with multiâ gland involvement. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138298/1/jbmr3149.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138298/2/jbmr3149_am.pd

POD-1/TCF21 Reduces SHP Expression, Affecting LRH-1 Regulation and Cell Cycle Balance in Adrenocortical and Hepatocarcinoma Tumor Cells

POD-1/TCF21 may play a crucial role in adrenal and gonadal homeostasis and represses Sf-1/SF-1 expression in adrenocortical tumor cells. SF-1 and LRH-1 are members of the Fzt-F1 subfamily of nuclear receptors. LRH-1 is involved in several biological processes, and both LRH-1 and its repressor SHP are involved in many types of cancer. In order to assess whether POD-1 can regulate LRH-1 via the same mechanism that regulates SF-1, we analyzed the endogenous mRNA levels of POD-1, SHP, and LRH-1 in hepatocarcinoma and adrenocortical tumor cells using qRT-PCR. Hereafter, these tumor cells were transiently transfected with pCMVMycPod-1, and the effect of POD-1 overexpression on E-box elements in the LRH-1 and SHP promoter region were analyzed by ChIP assay. Also, Cyclin E1 protein expression was analyzed to detect cell cycle progression. We found that POD-1 overexpression significantly decreased SHP/SHP mRNA and protein levels through POD-1 binding to the E-box sequence in the SHP promoter. Decreased SHP expression affected LRH-1 regulation and increased Cyclin E1. These findings show that POD-1/TCF21 regulates SF-1 and LRH-1 by distinct mechanisms, contributing to the understanding of POD-1 involvement and its mechanisms of action in adrenal and liver tumorigenesis, which could lead to the discovery of relevant biomarkers

Influence of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 Expression and the G388R Functional Polymorphism on Cushing`s Disease Outcome

Context: Abnormal FGFR4 expression has been detected in pituitary tumors, especially in larger and invasive adenomas. In addition, the FGFR4 functional polymorphism G388R has been associated with poor outcome in several human malignancies. Then, we hypothesized that FGFR4 expression and genotype could be markers of adverse outcome of Cushing`s disease after transsphenoidal surgery. Objectives: The objective was to investigate whether there is an association between the postoperative outcome of Cushing`s disease (remission/recurrence) and the FGFR4 G388R genotype or the FGFR4 expression in corticotrophinomas. Design and Patients: Clinical, hormonal, and pathological data of 76 patients who underwent the first transsphenoidal surgery were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were genotyped for G388R polymorphism. FGFR4 expression was assessed by real-time PCR in 18 corticotrophinomas. Main Outcome Measures: The outcome measures included the FGFR4 G388R genotype and FGFR4 expression in postoperative remission and recurrence of Cushing`s disease. Results: Homozygosis for FGFR4 glycine (Gly(388)) allele was associated with reduced disease-free survival, in the univariate analysis (hazard ratio of 6.91; 95% confidence interval of 1.14-11.26; P = 0.028). Male gender (P = 0.036), lack of pathology confirmation (P = 0.009), and cortisol levels more than 2 mu g/dl in the early postoperative period (P < 0.001) were also significant predictors of Cushing`s disease recurrence in the univariate analysis. FGFR4 overexpression was found in 44% of the corticotrophinomas, and it was associated with lower postoperative remission rate (P = 0.009). Conclusions: Our data suggest that homozygosis for FGFR4 Gly(388) allele and FGFR4 overexpression are associated with higher frequency of postoperative recurrence and persistence of Cushing`s disease, respectively. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: E271-E279, 2010)FAPESP Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo[06/52492-0

Long-term Results after CT-Guided Percutaneous Ethanol Ablation for the Treatment of Hyperfunctioning Adrenal Disorders

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and long-term efficacy of computed tomography-guided percutaneous ethanol ablation for benign primary and secondary hyperfunctioning adrenal disorders. METHOD: We retrospectively evaluated the long-term results of nine patients treated with computed tomography-guided percutaneous ethanol ablation: eight subjects who presented with primary adrenal disorders, such as pheochromocytoma, primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia and aldosterone-producing adenoma, and one subject with Cushing disease refractory to conventional treatment. Eleven sessions were performed for the nine patients. The patient data were reviewed for the clinical outcome and procedure-related complications over ten years. RESULTS: Patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma had clinical improvement: symptoms recurred in one case 96 months after ethanol ablation, and the other patient was still in remission 110 months later. All patients with pheochromocytoma had clinical improvement but were eventually submitted to surgery for complete remission. No significant clinical improvement was seen in patients with hypercortisolism due to primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia or Cushing disease. Major complications were seen in five of the eleven procedures and included cardiovascular instability and myocardial infarction. Minor complications attributed to sedation were seen in two patients. CONCLUSION: Computed tomography-guided ethanol ablation does not appear to be suitable for the long-term treatment of hyperfunctioning adrenal disorders and is not without risks