Marriage Rights; Homosexuals and Transsexuals; B. v. B.,

WHAT IS A MARRIAGE? Although there are several definitions, they all contain one common element: the union of one man and one woman. However, if a particular state had no statute which specifically required that marriage be between a man and a woman would the courts uphold a marriage between members of the same sex? The New York Supreme Court, in B. v. B., answered that question in the negative. In that case the wife brought an action for annulment on the ground that her husband was a female, and the husband attempted to amend his answer and counterclaim for a divorce on the ground of abandonment. The court ruled that the husband\u27s counterclaim must fail, as there was in fact no valid marriage between the two parties

Analyses of Dental Pulp in Restored Teeth

Restored teeth were extracted from test animals at four time intervals (1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, and 3 months) following amalgam insertion. Extracted teeth were frozen in liquid nitrogen, cryo-fractured so as to expose the pulps and then freeze-dried. Pulps were analyzed for mercury content by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Mercury levels appeared below the detection limits of EDS but could be detected by AAS which showed the highest readings seven days after amalgam insertion

Assessment of Functional Fitness Measures Among Community-Dwelling Older and Younger Adults

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Business Enterprise Value in Shopping Malls: An Empirical Test

This paper discusses the economic basis for the existence of business enterprise value in a shopping mall. The existence of business enterprise value in a mall is then tested by examining the rent paid by existing tenants on a lease renewal vs. that paid by new tenants for otherwise identical space. The hypothesis that there is no difference in rents between renewals and new tenants can be rejected. This suggests that with each lease renewal there is a marginal increase in business enterprise value component of the rents. Proposed federal regulations for the appraisal of federally related transactions, the uniform standards of professional appraisal practice, and real property tax law call for separation of the value of intangibles (which include business value) from tangible personal property and from real property. Thus the business value portion of the mall rental should not be capitalized into the value of the real estate. Because income from lease renewals included business value, the leases must be adjusted before they can be used as an indication of market rent.

Tropospheric corrections to GPS measurements using locally measured meteorological parameters compared with general tropospheric corrections

At the Technical University Graz (TUG), Austria, the Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used for time transfer purposes since the early 80's and from that time on local meteorological parameters have been recorded together with each measurement (satellite track). The paper compares the tropospheric corrections (delays) obtained from models usually employed in GPS receivers and those using locally measured meteorological parameters

Major and trace element and multiple sulfur isotope composition of sulfides from the Paleoproterozoic Surda copper deposit, Singhbhum Shear Zone, India: Implications for the mineralization processes

The present study combines major and trace element composition, and sulfur (S) isotope data of pyrite and chacopyrite from the Surda copper sulfide deposit in the Singhbhum Shear Zone, the most important copper and uranium producing belt (Singhbhum Cu-U Belt) in India. Three textural and compositional types of both pyrite and chalcopyrite were distinguished; unzoned to partially zoned Pyrite IA with high Co (up to 54900 ppm) and low Ni content is earliest, followed by oscillatory zoned Pyrite IB with high As (up to 25600 ppm) and Co (up to 46800 ppm), bothoccurring in pyrite I + chalcopyrite I + pyrrhotite + magnetite + apatite vein; Cobaltite-type substitution (Fe1-xCox)(S1-xAsx)2 is suggested for Pyrite IB. Gold occurs in Pyrite I as minor “invisible” gold and as electrum inclusions. It also occurs along with Cu, Mn, Ni, Hg, Ag, Pb, Sb, Zn, Ce, Y, U, and Th in micro-fractures that transgress the primary zoning pattern defined by As, Co, and Ni in Pyrite IB. The early inclusion-rich chalcopyrite generation (Chalcopyrite I) contains high concentration of Zn and Se, and minor to trace amounts of Co, Ni, Hg, Pb, Sb, Te, and Bi, appeared in between Pyrite I and II.Low Co, high Ni (up to 37700 ppm) content Pyrite II, and inclusion-free Chalcopyrite II enriched in Co, Ni, Hg, Bi, Mn, Ag, Sb, V, and Pb are cogenetic, and occurring in pyrite II + pyrrhotite + pentlandite + chalcopyrite II ± violarite vein. Low Co and Ni containing Pyrite III + Chalcopyrite III occur mainly as disseminated grains. The relative timing of formation of Pyrite II + Chalcopyrite II with PyriteIII + Chalcopyrite III remains uncertain. Pyrite + chalcopyrite textures indicate that all pyrite + chalcopyrite formed at some time prior to the end of deformation and metamorphism. Both in situ and mineral separates of all pyrite types and associated chalcopyrite yield a narrow range of positive δ34S values (between +3.8 to +6.9 ‰) suggesting sulfur being derived from a similar source. Consistent positive δ34S values and other circumstantial evidence indicate that most sulfur was derived from seawater sulfate or modified seawater (brine/evaporite). Δ33S values revealed mass dependent fractionation (MDF) signature. It is proposed that incorporation of MDF sulfur of the mineralization event in Paleoproterozoic Singhbhum Cu-U Belt took place after the great oxidation event. The high Se concentrations (260 to 400 ppm) and ∑Se/∑S ratios for both Pyrite I and II from Surda deposit (4.4 to 5.7 x10-4) suggest a low temperature of the Cu–rich ores (250°-350°C), and precipitation from a metalliferous fluid with a high ∑Se/∑S ratio (10-4 to 10-3) consistent with igneous input of these elements

Mie scattering from a sonoluminescing air bubble in water

Applied Optics, Volume 34, No. 15, pp. 2648-2654 (20 May 1995)A single bubble of air in water can emit pulses of blue-white light that have durations of less than 50 ps while it is oscillating in an acoustic standing wave. The emission is called sonoluminescence. A knowledge of the bubble diameter throughout the cycle, and in particular near the time of sonoluminescence emission, can provide important information about the phenomenon. A new Mie scattering technique is developed to determine the size of the bubble through its expansion and collapse during the acoustic cycle. The technique does not rely on an independent means of calibration or on accurate measurements of the scattered intensity.This work was supported in part by the Naval Postgraduate School Research Program and the Office of Naval Research