Synaptic Partner Assignment Using Attentional Voxel Association Networks

Connectomics aims to recover a complete set of synaptic connections within a dataset imaged by volume electron microscopy. Many systems have been proposed for locating synapses, and recent research has included a way to identify the synaptic partners that communicate at a synaptic cleft. We re-frame the problem of identifying synaptic partners as directly generating the mask of the synaptic partners from a given cleft. We train a convolutional network to perform this task. The network takes the local image context and a binary mask representing a single cleft as input. It is trained to produce two binary output masks: one which labels the voxels of the presynaptic partner within the input image, and another similar labeling for the postsynaptic partner. The cleft mask acts as an attentional gating signal for the network. We find that an implementation of this approach performs well on a dataset of mouse somatosensory cortex, and evaluate it as part of a combined system to predict both clefts and connections

The elicitation of key performance indicators of e-government providers: A bottom-up approach

Copyright @ 2013 EMCIS.Delivering an adequate e-Government service (e-service) is becoming more of a necessity in today's digital world. In order to improve e-services and increase the engagement of both users' and providers' side, studies on the performance evaluation of such provided e-services are taking places. However a clear identification of the key performance indicators from the e-Government providers’ side is not well explored. This shortcoming hampers the conduct of a holistic evaluation of an e-service provision from the perspective of its stakeholders in order to improve e-services as well as to increase e-services take-ups. In this paper, a systematic process to identify indicators is implemented based on a bottom-up approach. The process used three focus-group meetings with providers, users, and academics in Qatar, Lebanon and UK to collect, identify and validate key indicators from the perspective of e-services’ providers. The approach resulted in the identification of five factors levels (service, technology, employees, policy and management and social responsibilities) with fifteen sub-categories of SMART variables. Hence, leading to the development of a new model, STEPS, that can fully explain and predict e-government success from the providers’ point of view. It will work as a strategic management tool to align various stakeholders on common goal and values based on evidence based evaluation of e-services using smart measurable indicators for the improvement of an e-service at the engagement level in the field of e-government. In addition, other fields can benefit from the outcome of this work, such as logistics service providers, who make their services available across new and existing relationships between the Internet commerce firms, their customers, and their vendors

The functionality and economic costs of patients with schizophrenia in Taiwan

[[abstract]]The aims of this study were to investigate the economic costs of outpatients with schizophrenia in Taiwan, and to survey factors that influence the costs. The direct costs were defined as the costs associated with psychiatric services and other medical treatment. The indirect costs were estimated using the Human Capital Method. Patients' characteristics, including sex, age, duration of education, duration of illness, frequency of hospitalization, type of antipsychotic medication, severity of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotic medication, and global functions, were used to estimate the costs. The average annual total cost was approximately US$16,576 per patient. The direct and indirect costs were 13% and 87% of the total costs, respectively. Among the direct costs, folk therapy ranked third, just behind prescription drugs and acute ward hospitalization. The productivity loss of both the patients and their caregivers was the major component of the indirect costs. The patient's age and global functions had a significantly negative relationship with the direct costs. The severity of extrapyramidal side effects, type of antipsychotic medication, and the patient's illness duration correlated positively with the indirect costs, while the patient's global function correlated negatively with the indirect costs. Overall, the indirect costs of treating schizophrenia were higher than the direct costs. Improving patients' functionality and decreasing caregivers' burden are essential to reducing costs

Striatal dopamine D₂/₃ receptors in medication-naïve schizophrenia: an [¹²³I] IBZM SPECT study

BACKGROUND: The hyper-function of the striatal dopamine system has been suggested to underlie key pathophysiological mechanisms in schizophrenia. Moreover, patients have been observed to present a significant elevation of dopamine receptor availability compared to healthy controls. Although it is difficult to measure dopamine levels directly in humans, neurochemical imaging techniques such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provide indirect indices of in vivo dopamine synthesis and release, and putative synaptic levels. METHODS: We focused on the role of dopamine postsynaptic regulation using [123I] iodobenzamide (IBZM) SPECT. We compared D2/3 receptor availability between 53 healthy controls and 21 medication-naive patients with recent-onset schizophrenia. RESULT: The mean specific striatal binding showed no significant difference between patients and controls (estimated difference = 0.001; 95% CI -0.11 to 0.11; F = 0.00, df = 1, 69; p = 0.99). There was a highly significant effect of age whereby IBZM binding declined with advancing age [estimated change per decade of age = -0.01(binding ratio); 95% CI -0.01 to -0.004; F = 11.5, df = 1, 69; p = 0.001]. No significant correlations were found between the mean specific striatal binding and psychopathological or cognitive rating scores. CONCLUSIONS: Medication-naïve patients with recent-onset schizophrenia have similar D2/3 receptor availability to healthy controls. We suggest that, rather than focusing exclusively on postsynaptic receptors, future treatments should target the presynaptic control of dopamine synthesis and release

Discovery of selective inhibitors of Glutaminase-2, which inhibit mTORC1, activate autophagy and inhibit proliferation in cancer cells

Glutaminase, which converts glutamine to glutamate, is involved in Warburg effect in cancer cells. Two human glutaminase genes have been identified, GLS (GLS1) and GLS2. Two alternative transcripts arise from each glutaminase gene: first, the kidney isoform (KGA) and glutaminase C (GAC) for GLS; and, second, the liver isoform (LGA) and glutaminase B (GAB) for GLS2. While GLS1 is considered as a cancer therapeutic target, the potential role of GLS2 in cancer remains unclear. Here, we discovered a series of alkyl benzoquinones that preferentially inhibit glutaminase B isoform (GAB, GLS2) rather than the kidney isoform of glutaminase (KGA, GLS1). We identified amino acid residues in an allosteric binding pocket responsible for the selectivity. Treatment with the alkyl benzoquinones decreased intracellular glutaminase activity and glutamate levels. GLS2 inhibition by either alkyl benzoquinones or GLS2 siRNA reduced carcinoma cell proliferation and anchorage-independent colony formation, and induced autophagy via AMPK mediated mTORC1 inhibition. Our findings demonstrate amino acid sequences for selective inhibition of glutaminase isozymes and validate GLS2 as a potential anti-cancer target

Athermal colorless C-band optical transmitter system for passive optical networks

This paper reports an uncooled transmitter system using a digital super-mode (DS) distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) tunable laser, which is able to act as an athermal, wavelength agnostic transmitter suitable for wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) passive optical network (PON) applications. An open-loop laser current control algorithm is designed to compensate autonomously for wavelength drift, thus allowing constant operating wavelength to be achieved regardless of ambient temperature. An improved wavelength accuracy of ±3 GHz is achieved when using low bandwidth feedback from the central office using information from a centralized shared wavelength locker. The entire laser start-up, channel selection and subsequent wavelength control is autonomous and has been implemented on micro-controllers and field programmable gate arrays. We demonstrate a three channel WDM-PON system comprising an uncooled packaged DS-DBR laser in the presence of two neighboring interfering channels. Error free transmission over 40 km single mode fiber of 10 Gb/s externally modulated NRZ data, is achieved for each of 48 C-band channels on the 100 GHz ITU grid. Successful athermal operation is demonstrated by sweeping the ambient temperature of the laser from 15 to 70 °C with a maximum wavelength deviation for any channel of no more than 0.1 nm.This work has been supported by the Technology Strategy Board, UK and by the German ministry for education and research, through the EU ERA-NET+ projects PIANO+ IMPACT (BMBF grant: 13N11434) and TUCAN (BMBF grant: 13N11573). We also acknowledge the support of the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council via the INTERNET project.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from IEEE via http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2014.235405

Environmental and Occupational Health Response to SARS, Taiwan, 2003

Environmental and Occupational Health Industrial hygiene emergency response to SARS in Taiwan

Transcriptional activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in myeloid cells promotes angiogenesis through VEGF and S100A8

Emerging evidence indicates that myeloid cells are essential for promoting new blood vessel formation by secreting various angiogenic factors. Given that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a critical regulator for angiogenesis, we questioned whether HIF in myeloid cells also plays a role in promoting angiogenesis. To address this question, we generated a unique strain of myeloid-specific knockout mice targeting HIF pathways using human S100A8 as a myeloid-specific promoter. We observed that mutant mice where HIF-1 is transcriptionally activated in myeloid cells (by deletion of the von Hippel-Lindau gene) resulted in erythema, enhanced neovascularization in matrigel plugs, and increased production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the bone marrow, all of which were completely abrogated by either genetic or pharmacological inactivation of HIF-1. We further found that monocytes were the major effector producing VEGF and S100A8 proteins driving neovascularization in matrigel. Moreover, by using a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia we observed significantly improved blood flow in mice intramuscularly injected with HIF-1-activated monocytes. This study therefore demonstrates that HIF-1 activation in myeloid cells promotes angiogenesis through VEGF and S100A8 and that this may become an attractive therapeutic strategy to treat diseases with vascular defects.X1137Ysciescopu

Low-cell-number, single-tube amplification (STA) of total RNA revealed transcriptome changes from pluripotency to endothelium

Table S1. Summary of the sequencing results. The alignments against the GRCh38 genome assembly (Aligned Reads) were counted for exon reads (exon) and transcript reads based on GENCODE v22. Intronic counts (intron) were defined by transcript counts minus exon ones. Nontranscript reads were used to obtain tRNA counts (tRNA) based on the tRNA database of GENCODE v22. Nontranscript and non-tRNA reads were used for counts on repetitive sequences (repeats) based on RepeatMasker. Those not belonging to any category were defined as unannotated reads (unannotated). The counting of exonic features was based on the “gene_type” attribute in GENCODE v22. The percentages of mature miRNA reads were defined by reads aligned exclusively to the mature “miRNA” feature divided by reads aligned to the “miRNA_primary_transcript” feature of miRBase v21. (DOCX 42 kb

Get Your Foes Fooled: Proximal Gradient Split Learning for Defense Against Model Inversion Attacks on IoMT Data

The past decade has seen a rapid adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI), specifically the deep learning networks, in Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) ecosystem. However, it has been shown recently that the deep learning networks can be exploited by adversarial attacks that not only make IoMT vulnerable to the data theft but also to the manipulation of medical diagnosis. The existing studies consider adding noise to the raw IoMT data or model parameters which not only reduces the overall performance concerning medical inferences but also is ineffective to the likes of deep leakage from gradients method. In this work, we propose proximal gradient split learning (PSGL) method for defense against the model inversion attacks. The proposed method intentionally attacks the IoMT data when undergoing the deep neural network training process at client side. We propose the use of proximal gradient method to recover gradient maps and a decision-level fusion strategy to improve the recognition performance. Extensive analysis show that the PGSL not only provides effective defense mechanism against the model inversion attacks but also helps in improving the recognition performance on publicly available datasets. We report 14.0 % , 17.9 % , and 36.9 % gains in accuracy over reconstructed and adversarial attacked images, respectively