Pengelolaan Ekosistem Untuk Pengendalian Hama Lada

Ecosystem Management for Controlling Black Pepper PestPest is one of the obstacles of black pepper production in Indonesia. The pest attacks all parts of the plant such as inflorescens, fruits, shoots, branches and stems at nursery as well as in the field. In Indonesia black pepper was infested by 3 species of pests, namely stem borer, Lophobaris piperis Marsh, pepper berry bug, Dasynus piperis China and lace bug, Diconocoris hewetti (Dist.). The population of stem borers always presents in the field with different stages (egg, larvae, pupa and adult), while lace bug and pepper berry bug are found in the field during flowering and fruit stages. Control of black pepper pests by farmers is usually using syntetic pesticide. Other alternative to manage black pepper pest namely ecosystem management and natural enemy such as parasitoid. To increase the natural enemy population can be done by natural enemie conservation through cover crops, mix cropping and limited weeding. Arachis sp., Orthosiphon sp., Ocimum sp. and Coffea sp. plants can be used in cropping system with black pepper

Effectiveness of BPMC Application Against Bemisia Tabaci (Gennadius) Population and CMMV Disease Incidence on Soybean

Control of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)) is the starting point in suppressing the CMMV disease (cowpea mild mottle virus). This study aims to determine the influence of applications BPMC (500 g a.i./l) against B. tabaci populations and disease incidence of CMMV on soybean plants. Research was conducted in the field with randomized complete block design consisting of 5 treatments i.e. five concentration levels: 0.75, 1.50,2.25, and 3.00 ml/l including control (untreated) with 5 replications. The results showed that BPMC is effective in suppressing the adult population of B. tabaci and disease incidence of CMMV

Parameter Kehidupan Dan Demografi Kepik, Diconocoris Hewetti (Dist.) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) Pada Dua Varietas Lada

Life parameters and demographic of bug peper laceDiconocoris hewetti (Dist.) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) on twopepper varietiesPepper lace bug (PLB), Diconocoris hewetti (Dist.) (Hemiptera:Tingidae), is one of the insect pests attacking pepper in Indonesia.Research was conducted with the objective to compare various life historyand demographic parameters of PLB on two pepper varieties. The effectof two pepper varieties on various life parameters and demographic ofPLB was conducted in green house and farmer field on Bangka Island,since October 2003 to February 2004. The experiment covered the effectof LDL and Chunuk varieties on eggs and nymphal development, maleand female adults longivity and fecundity. Besides the effect ofdevelopment stage on inflorescence, shoots and young berries to adultslongivity were observed. The effect of varieties to demographic parametersof PLB was studied by rearing the bugs since egg to adult laid eggs. Theresult revealed that difference variety was influenced life history anddemographic parameters of PLB. Nymphal development time of PLB were17.3 and 13.0 days, male adult longivity 10.2 and 18.8 days, female adultlongivity 13.6 and 16.9 days, fecundity 13.9 and 24.5 eggs per female,respectively on Chunuk and LDL. The life history of PLB adult was longeron stage-3 inflorescences than stage-1 or stage-2. The intrinsic rates ofincrease (r) were 0.0741 and 0.0827, net reproductive rate (Ro) 6.98 and8.52, mean generation time (T) 26.21 and 25.91 days, finite rate ofincrease (λ) 1.0769 and 1.0862 on Chunuk and LDLrespectively.Generally, variety LDL was much better food source for thedevelopment of D. hewetti. If there were no inflorescences available, thePLB was able to survive by feeding on shoots or young berries. Adultlongivity was 12.1 days on shoots and 23.5 days on young berries. Theimplication of this research is as the basic information in the next researchfor PLB control

Fenologi Pembungaan Dan Kelimpahan Populasi Kepik Diconocoris Hewetti (Dist.) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) Pada Pertanaman Lada

Kepik renda lada (KRL), Diconocoris hewetti (Dist.) (Hemiptera:Tingidae) adalah salah satu hama pada pertanaman lada di Indonesia.Hama ini selalu hadir pada perbungaan lada dan bulir bunga lada denganjalan mengisap cairan bunga sebelum menjadi buah. Serangan nimfa danimago pada bunga dan bulir bunga akan mengakibatkan Perubahan warnabunga dari hijau kekuningan menjadi cokelat atau hitam. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mengetahui fenologi pembungaan, kelimpahan populasiKRL, dan tingkat kerusakan bunga pada pertanaman lada. Kelimpahan danfenologi pembungaan lada menentukan kelimpahan populasi KRL.Penelitian dilakukan di kebun petani, di Desa Air Anyir, KecamatanMerawang, Kabupaten Bangka Induk, dari Mei 2003 sampai dengan Mei2004, dan di Desa Puput, Kecamatan Simpang Katis Kabupaten BangkaTengah, dari Oktober 2003 sampai dengan Mei 2004. Luas lahanpercobaan masing-masing sekitar 5000 m 2 yang sudah ditanami ladavarietas Chunuk di Air Anyir dan varietas Lampung Daun Lebar (LDL) diPuput. Umur tanaman masing-masing sekitar 5 tahun. Jumlah pohoncontoh di setiap lokasi 24 pohon. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap minggudengan cara menghitung langsung KRL yang ada pada bulir bunga, sertabanyaknya bunga yang terserang. Pada percobaan lainnya dilakukanpengamatan terhadap perkembangan bulir bunga serta tingkat keguguranfisiologis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola pembungaan ladavarietas Chunuk dan LDL mengikuti pola curah hujan. Rataan banyaknyabulir bunga berkisar antara 2,63-120,59 tandan per pohon pada varietasChunuk, sedangkan pada varietas LDL antara 4,79-153,84 tandan perpohon. Masa perkembangan bulir bunga fase-1 berlangsung 16,6 hari,fase-2 berlangsung 7,6 hari, dan fase-3 berlangsung 6,4 hari. Tidaksemua bulir bunga dan buah muda berhasil menjadi buah siap dipanen(23,14% pada Chunuk mengalami keguguran fisiologis). Keguguranpaling banyak terjadi pada bulir bunga yang berumur 4-5 minggu(17,62%). Rataan kelimpahan kepik renda lebih tinggi (0,042-1,375ekor/pohon) pada varietas LDL dibandingkan pada varietas Chunuk(0,042-0,333 ekor/pohon), terutama selama periode November hinggaApril. Perkembangan populasi kepik renda pada varietas LDL meningkat(1,375 ekor/pohon) selama bulan November hingga Februari, berhubungandengan banyaknya bulir bunga yang tersedia pada periode tersebut.Berdasarkan nisbah ragam terhadap rataan (s 2 /m), populasi kepik D.hewetti umumnya memperlihatkan pola sebaran acak, sedangkan pada saatpopulasi tinggi (1,375 ekor/pohon) memperlihatkan pola sebaranbergerombol. Persentase bulir bunga terserang pada varietas Chunukberkisar antara 0,06-3,85%, sedangkan pada varietas LDL berkisar antara0,34-17,72%. Terdapat hubungan linear varietas Chunuk dan LDL (r =0,87 dan 0,78) yang nyata antara kelimpahan populasi D. hewetti dankerusakan bunga. Varietas LDL lebih rentan dibandingkan dengan varietasChunuk. Pengendalian KRL dapat dilakukan pada awal pembentukanbunga yaitu sejak November

All-In-One: Advanced preparation of Human Parenchymal and Non-Parenchymal Liver Cells

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Liver cells are key players in innate immunity. Thus, studying primary isolated liver cells is necessary for determining their role in liver physiology and pathophysiology. In particular, the quantity and quality of isolated cells are crucial to their function. Our aim was to isolate a large quantity of high-quality human parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells from a single liver specimen. METHODS: Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and stellate cells were isolated from liver tissues by collagenase perfusion in combination with low-speed centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, and magnetic-activated cell sorting. The purity and functionality of cultured cell populations were controlled by determining their morphology, discriminative cell marker expression, and functional activity. RESULTS: Cell preparation yielded the following cell counts per gram of liver tissue: 2.0+/-0.4x107 hepatocytes, 1.8+/-0.5x106 Kupffer cells, 4.3+/-1.9x105 liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and 3.2+/-0.5x105 stellate cells. Hepatocytes were identified by albumin (95.5+/-1.7%) and exhibited time-dependent activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Kupffer cells expressed CD68 (94.5+/-1.2%) and exhibited phagocytic activity, as determined with 1mum latex beads. Endothelial cells were CD146+ (97.8+/-1.1%) and exhibited efficient uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein. Hepatic stellate cells were identified by the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (97.1+/-1.5%). These cells further exhibited retinol (vitamin A)-mediated autofluorescence. CONCLUSIONS: Our isolation procedure for primary parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells resulted in cell populations of high purity and quality, with retained physiological functionality in vitro. Thus, this system may provide a valuable tool for determining liver function and disease

Remote detection of invasive alien species

The spread of invasive alien species (IAS) is recognized as the most severe threat to biodiversity outside of climate change and anthropogenic habitat destruction. IAS negatively impact ecosystems, local economies, and residents. They are especially problematic because once established, they give rise to positive feedbacks, increasing the likelihood of further invasions and spread. The integration of remote sensing (RS) to the study of invasion, in addition to contributing to our understanding of invasion processes and impacts to biodiversity, has enabled managers to monitor invasions and predict the spread of IAS, thus supporting biodiversity conservation and management action. This chapter focuses on RS capabilities to detect and monitor invasive plant species across terrestrial, riparian, aquatic, and human-modified ecosystems. All of these environments have unique species assemblages and their own optimal methodology for effective detection and mapping, which we discuss in detail

Pengaruh Metode Resitasi Tugas Dan Motivasi Berprestasi Terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika Di SMA Negeri 1 Manggis

I WAYAN LABA, The Effect of Task Recitation Method and Achievement Motivation upon Achievement in Mathematics at SMA Negeri 1 Manggis, Tesis Program Studi Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, Program Pascasarjana (PPs) Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha Singaraja, 2010. This thesis has been corrected and examined by the first supervisor, Prof. Dr. I Made Candiasa, MI Komp, the second supervisor, Prof. Dr. Ni Ketut Suarni, MS Key words: task recitation, achievement motivation and learning achievement This study aimed at finding out the effect of task recitation and achievement motivation upon student's learning achievement in mathematics. This study was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Manggis by using experimental method with 2x2 factorial design. The independent variable in this study consisted of learning method which was classified into two types, i.e., task recitation method which was applied to the experiment group and conventional method to the control group. Achievement motivation served as moderator variable which was classified into two, namely high achievement motivation and low achievement motivation. The dependent variable consisted of learning achievement in mathematics. The instruments were in the form of questionnaire that was used to measure the students' achievement motivation and objective test that was used to measure the students' learning achievement in mathematics. The sample consisted of 62 students of Class X who were selected by random sampling. The data analysis used two-way analysis of ANOVA and Tukey test. The results showed that 1) the students who learned through recitation method had higher achievement than those who learned through conventional method, Fobserved= 8.960 Ftable = 3.99 at 5% level of significance; 2) among the students who had high learning motivation, those who learned through recitation method had higher achievement than those who learned through conventional method, Qobserved = 9.3007, Qtable = 3.89 at 5% level of significance; 3) among the students who had low learning motivation, those who learned through recitation method had lower achievement than those who learned through conventional method, Qobserved = 3.3140, Qtable = 2.89 at 5% level of significance; and 4) there was an interaction effect between learning method and learning motivation upon learning motivation in mathematics, Fobserved = 39.783 Ftable = 3.99 at 5% level of significance. Hence, it can be concluded that task recitation method and learning motivation have a significant effect upon learning achievement in mathematics at SMA Negeri 1 Manggis