Biomechanical effects of shod vs. unshod deadlift in males

There are many forms of resistance training, with the barbell squat, bench press, and deadlift being three of the most popular exercises. The squat and bench press have been examined extensively, while the deadlift has not. The purpose of this study was to examine participants performing the barbell deadlift while wearing their normal lifting shoes and while barefoot. Thirty male participants aged 18-30 and with at least one year of deadlift experience were recruited for this study. An eight camera system and a force platform was used to measure three-dimensional movements and ground reaction forces during 80% one repetition maximum deadlifts. Ankle, knee, and hip joint angles and moments were analyzed at the instance of lift off and knee pass, along with bar velocity at those same points. Ankle dorsiflexion angle (p = 0.018), knee flexion angle (p \u3c 0.001), and knee flexion moment (p \u3c 0.001) were significantly higher at the point of lift off in the shod condition. The bar velocity (p = 0.028) was significantly higher at knee pass in the shod condition. These results indicate that performing the deadlift while barefoot could benefit lifters who struggle with more flexed postures and/or have limited ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. These changes in posture likely led to the reduced knee flexion moments required to initiate bar lift off. However, lifting barefoot may decrease deadlift performance in terms of power generated as evidenced by reduced bar velocity

Monographie des Ditomides tribu des Carabiques

La tribu des Ditomidœ n'a jamais été l'objet d'un travail d'ensemble; on peut dire que Dejean, dans le Speciès général des Coléoptères Carabiques, en a à peine ébauché l'étude. ..

"Decessit sine prole" - childlessness, celibacy, and survival of the richest in pre-industrial England

In explaining England's early industrial development, previous research has highlighted that wealthy pre-industrial elites had more surviving offspring than their poorer counter- parts. Thus, entrepreneurial traits spread and helped England grow rich. We contest this view, showing that lowerclass reproduction rates were no different from the elites when accounting for singleness and childlessness. Elites married less and were more often childless. Many died without descendants (decessit sine prole). We find that the middle classes had the highest reproduction and argue that this advantage was instrumental to England's economic success because the middle class invested most strongly in human capital

Childlessness, celibacy and net fertility in pre-industrial England: the middle-class evolutionary advantage

This paper reconsiders the fertility of historical social groups by accounting for singleness and childlessness. We find that the middle class had the highest reproductive success during England's early industrial development. In light of the greater propensity of the middle class to invest in human capital, the rise in the prevalence of these traits in the population could have been instrumental to England's economic success. Unlike earlier results about the survival of the richest, the paper shows that the reproductive success of the rich (and also the poor) were lower than that of the middle class, once accounting for singleness and childlessness. Hence, the prosperity of England over this period can be attributed to the increase in the prevalence of middle-class traits rather than those of the upper (or lower) class

Quivers with relations arising from Koszul algebras of g\mathfrak g-invariants

Let $\mathfrak g$ be a complex simple Lie algebra and let $\Psi$ be an extremal set of positive roots. One associates with $\Psi$ an infinite dimensional Koszul algebra \bold S_\Psi^{\lie g} which is a graded subalgebra of the locally finite part of ((\bold V)^{op}\tensor S(\lie g))^{\lie g}, where $\bold V$ is the direct sum of all simple finite dimensional \lie g-modules. We describe the structure of the algebra \bold S_\Psi^{\lie g} explicitly in terms of an infinite quiver with relations for \lie g of types $A$ and $C$. We also describe several infinite families of quivers and finite dimensional algebras arising from this construction.Comment: 49 pages, AMSLaTeX+amsref

Impact of air–sea coupling on the climate change signal over the Iberian Peninsula

In this work we use a regional atmosphere–ocean coupled model (RAOCM) and its stand-alone atmospheric component to gain insight into the impact of atmosphere–ocean coupling on the climate change signal over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). The IP climate is influenced by both the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean sea. Complex interactions with the orography take place there and high-resolution models are required to realistically reproduce its current and future climate. We find that under the RCP8.5 scenario, the generalized 2-m air temperature (T2M) increase by the end of the twenty-first century (2070–2099) in the atmospheric-only simulation is tempered by the coupling. The impact of coupling is specially seen in summer, when the warming is stronger. Precipitation shows regionally-dependent changes in winter, whilst a drier climate is found in summer. The coupling generally reduces the magnitude of the changes. Differences in T2M and precipitation between the coupled and uncoupled simulations are caused by changes in the Atlantic large-scale circulation and in the Mediterranean Sea. Additionally, the differences in projected changes of T2M and precipitation with the RAOCM under the RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios are tackled. Results show that in winter and summer T2M increases less and precipitation changes are of a smaller magnitude with the RCP4.5. Whilst in summer changes present a similar regional distribution in both runs, in winter there are some differences in the NW of the IP due to differences in the North Atlantic circulation. The differences in the climate change signal from the RAOCM and the driving Global Coupled Model show that regionalization has an effect in terms of higher resolution over the land and ocean