Engineering handbook

2005 handbook for the faculty of Engineerin

Prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in school children: the importance of using confirmatory methods

The hemoglobinopathies are included among the most common genetic diseases in the world. In Brazil, hemoglobinopathies are related to the diversity of racial backgrounds and the degree of interbreeding. The study focused on the prevalence of hemoglobinopathies using conventional and confirmatory laboratory tests in children from public schools in Ribeirão Preto-SP. The study involved the participation of 427 children between six and nine years of age. Hematologic evaluation, hemoglobin electrophoresis on cellulose acetate at alkaline pH, quantification of hemoglobin fractions by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detection of -α3.7 deletion for α thalassemia by polymerase chain reaction were performed. The results of hemoglobin electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and HPLC of the children studied showed the presence of 30 children (7%) with hemoglobinopathies. Eleven children presented results indicating suspicion of S/β-thalassemia; their parents and/or siblings were evaluated and confirmed the presence of only Hb S. The analysis of deletion -α3.7to characterize α-thalassemias sampling performed on 207 participants identified 26 children (12.6%) with deletion -α3.7. Thus, 54 (12.6%) of the children studied present this genetic alteration. For the detection of α-thalassemias it is necessary to use confirmatory methods such as molecular analysis and evaluation of family members in doubtful cases to facilitate genetic counseling in families, in which deletion -α3.7 is more frequent in Brazil.</p

Níveis de dano econômico para decisão de controle de capim-arroz (Echinochloa spp.) em arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa) Economic threshold level for barnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.) control decision in flooded rice (Oryza sativa)

O nível de dano econômico (NDE) para monitoramento das infestações de capim-arroz em lavouras de arroz irrigado permite adotar medidas de manejo na cultura e usar herbicidas de maneira racional. Objetivou-se com o trabalho determinar NDE para capim-arroz, presente em lavouras de arroz irrigado, calculado na base de um único ano, em função de populações de capim-arroz, de cultivares de arroz e de épocas de entrada de água na lavoura. Para isso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em delineamento experimental completamente casualizado, sem repetição. No primeiro experimento, os tratamentos foram constituídos de seis cultivares de arroz: BRS-Atalanta e IRGA 421 (ciclo muito curto), IRGA 416, IRGA 417 e Avaxi (ciclo curto) e BRS-Fronteira (ciclo médio); e dez populações de capim-arroz. No segundo experimento usaram-se como tratamentos épocas de início da irrigação: 1, 10 e 20 dias após aplicação dos tratamentos herbicidas (DAT); e populações de capim-arroz. Os NDEs estimados para o capim-arroz variaram em função das práticas de manejo adotadas na cultura do arroz irrigado. Os NDEs estimados para os cultivares de arroz IRGA 416 e 417 foram superiores aos dos demais cultivares quando em competição com capim-arroz. O atraso da entrada de água diminui os NDEs para o cultivar de arroz BRS-Pelota. Aumentos nas perdas de produtividade por unidade de planta daninha, no potencial de produtividade da cultura, no valor do produto colhido e na eficiência do herbicida e diminuição do custo de controle reduziram os NDEs, tornando econômica a adoção de práticas de manejo sob baixas populações de capim-arroz em competição com arroz irrigado.<br>Economic weed threshold (EWT) for monitoring barnyardgrass infestation in flooded rice farms allows the adoption of crop management measurements and a rational use of herbicide. The objective of this study was to determine EWT for barnyardgrass based on a single year in function of barnyardgrass populations, rice varieties and flooding timings. Thus, two trials were carried out using a completely randomized design with no replications. The first trial treatments consisted of six rice varieties: BRS-Atalanta, IRGA 421 (very short cycle); IRGA 416, IRGA 417, Avaxi (short cycle) and BRS-Fronteira (medium cycle); as well as ten barnyardgrass populations. The second trial treatments were flooding timings: 1, 10 and 20 DAT (days after herbicide treatment) and barnyardgrass populations. The estimated EWT for barnyardgrass varied in function of the adopted management practices in the flooded rice crop. The estimated EWT for rice IRGA 416 and 417 was greater than that of the other cultivars when in barnyardgrass competition. Flooding timing delay reduced EWT for the BRS-Pelota rice variety. Increased potential yield losses, product value and herbicide efficiency as well as reduced control price reduced EWT, rendering viable the adoption of management practices at low barnyardgrass density when competing with flooded rice