OPTIMIZATION OF CHAR FOR NOx REMOVAL

Work performed for this study demonstrates that the temperature of treatment and the identity of the treatment gas both strongly impact the surface chemistry of activated carbon. Two commercial activated carbons were treated in either N{sub 2} or H{sub 2} at different temperatures up to 2600 C. Several techniques--including microcalorimetry, point of zero charge measurements, thermal desorption--were used to provide insight into important aspects of the chemical surface properties. The results show that activated carbons treated at high temperatures (ca. 950 C) in hydrogen will not react with oxygen and water at ambient temperatures; moreover, surfaces created in this fashion have stable properties in ambient conditions for many months. In contrast, the same carbons treated in an inert gas (e.g., N{sub 2}) will react strongly with oxygen and water at ambient temperatures. In the presence of platinum (or any other noble metal), stable basic carbons, which will not adsorb oxygen in ambient laboratory conditions, can be created via a relatively low-temperature process. Treatment at higher temperatures (>1500 C) produced increasingly stable surfaces in either N{sub 2} or H{sub 2}. A structural model is proposed. To wit: Treatment at high temperatures in any gas will lead to the desorption of oxygen surface functionalities in the form of CO and/or CO{sub 2}. Absent any atom rearrangement, the desorption of these species will leave highly unsaturated carbon atoms (''dangling carbons'') on the surface, which can easily adsorb O{sub 2} and H{sub 2}O. In an inert gas these ''dangling carbons'' will remain, but hydrogen treatments will remove these species and leave the surface with less energetic sites, which can only adsorb O{sub 2} at elevated temperatures. Specifically, hydrogen reacts with any highly unsaturated carbons in the surface to form methane. At temperatures greater than 1500 C (e.g., 1800 C, 2600 C), structural annealing takes place and the consequent growth in the size of graphene layers eliminates the highly energetic dangling carbon sites. The basicity of the surface originates from two types of Lewis base sites: the localized electron pairs at the edges of the graphene layers and the delocalized {pi} electrons on the basal planes. A hydrogen spillover mechanism was proposed here to explain the low-temperature process for the stable basic carbon. The role played by platinum (or any noble metal) is to produce atomic hydrogen, which spills over onto the carbon surface. This atomic hydrogen hydrogasifies the most reactive, unsaturated carbon atoms at far lower temperatures than molecular hydrogen, thus leading to surface stabilization at relatively low temperatures

First demonstration of the use of crab cavities on hadron beams

Many future particle colliders require beam crabbing to recover geometric luminosity loss from the nonzero crossing angle at the interaction point (IP). A first demonstration experiment of crabbing with hadron beams was successfully carried out with high energy protons. This breakthrough result is fundamental to achieve the physics goals of the high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) and the future circular collider (FCC). The expected peak luminosity gain (related to collision rate) is 65% for HL-LHC and even greater for the FCC. Novel beam physics experiments with proton beams in CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) were performed to demonstrate several critical aspects for the operation of crab cavities in the future HL-LHC including transparency with a pair of cavities, a full characterization of the cavity impedance with high beam currents, controlled emittance growth from crab cavity induced rf noise. © 2021 American Physical Society. All rights reserved

The C/EBP family of transcription factors in the liver and other organs

Members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors are pivotal regulators of liver functions such as nutrient metabolism and its control by hormones, acute-phase response and liver regeneration. Recent progress in clarification of regulatory mechanisms for the C/EBP family members gives insight into understanding the liver functions at the molecular level