Study of the interpopulational variability of the anatomically modern man: interest in orthodontics

Whatever our origins, we are all directly linked by our common ancestors. The brief period that separated the birth of different populations of Homo sapiens that inhabit the Earth explains the homogeneity of the craniofacial architecture of our species. However, some differences to the face show significant interpopulational variations. This is true in the case of dental maturity and the position of the lower incisors, two particularly important factors that mold our orthodontic analysis. This article proposes to do a synthesis of the interpopulational variability of these two parameters

Étude de la variabilité interpopulationnelle de l’Homme anatomiquement moderne : revue bibliographique et intérêt en orthodontie

Quelles que soient nos origines, nous sommes tous étroitement liés par des ancêtres communs. La courte période qui sépare la naissance des différentes populations d’Homo sapiens peuplant la Terre explique l’homogénéité dans l’architecture cranio-faciale de notre espèce. Néanmoins, quelques variables de la face présentent des différences significatives interpopulationnelles. C’est le cas de la maturation dentaire et de la position de l’incisive mandibulaire, deux données qui sont particulièrement précieuses dans notre matrice d’analyse orthodontique. Cet article se propose de faire une synthèse de la variabilité interpopulationnelle de ces deux paramètres

Determination of triacylglycerols and fatty acid composition of momordica cochinchinensis seed oil and some other plants of this genus

The oils of Momordica cochinchinensis seeds were collected in 15 regions of Vietnam and studied by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Two detectors were used in the work - diode-array detector and mass spectrometric detector with mixed ionization: chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure and ionization by electrospray. It was found that triacylglycerols (TAG) of all oils contain substituents of one dominant acid - α-eleostearic acid, mole fraction of the acid between fatty acid substituents was 58.1-72.4%, thus the seeds of the plant are a valuable raw material for the production of pharmacologically important oil. It was found that the three types of seed oils of Momordica genus (M. charantia, M. cochinchinensis, and M. subangulata) belong to the same type of oil while the seed oil of another species of the genus M. balsamina is characterized by simultaneous biosynthesis of two conjugated octadecatrienoic acids: α-eleostearic and punic. To evaluate the specificity of the TAG types biosynthesis is proposed the parameter of the ration of the experimental and theoretically possible (with equal probability of occupation of different positions in glycerol moiety by acid substituents) TAG mole fractions. It was found that the main oil TAG, di-α-eleostearate-stearate) is synthesized with high specificity. © 2019 Altai State University. All rights reserved

Effects of a guar/whey preload on gastric emptying and glycaemic responses to oral glucose in healthy older people

International audienceBackground and aims: A whey protein/guar preload (Omniblend Innovation) has been developed recently to reduce postprandial glycaemia. The preload comprises 5g guar, 20g (whey) protein and 3g lactose (total 90kcal) in a sachet, which is added to a ‘shake and take’ cup containing 150ml water. Our previous trial suggested that this supplement slowed gastric emptying (GE), but the latter was assessed using a stable isotope breath test technique which limits the capacity to discriminate between slowing of GE and a delay in intestinal absorption. Our aim was to determine the effects of this guar/whey protein preload on GE (using the ‘gold standard’ technique, scintigraphy), and the glycaemic/ insulinaemic responses to an oral glucose load in healthy older people. Materials and methods: Ten healthy older participants (6F, 4M; age: 74.0 ± 1.6 yr; BMI: 26.0 ± 0.7 kg/m2) with normal glucose tolerance underwent concurrent measurements of GE, plasma glucose and insulin for 180 min on two occasions. Participants were studied after an overnight fast, were seated with their back against a gamma camera and a cannula inserted into an antecubital vein for blood sampling. In random order, each received a test drink comprising 50g glucose made up to 300ml with water containing 20MBq 99mTc-calcium-phytate with or without the guar/whey protein preload (90kcal) made up to 150ml with water, ingested 15 min before the test drink. Blood samples were taken immediately before the preload, before the glucose test drink and at 15-30 min intervals thereafter until t=180 min. The early insulin secretory response was estimated by the ratio of the change in insulin (ΔI0-30) to that of glucose at 30 min (ΔG0-30) represented as ΔI0-30/ΔG0-30. Data are mean values ± SEM. Results: The guar/whey protein preload reduced both the iAUC0-120 (PConclusion: In healthy older people, the glucose-lowering effect of the whey protein/guar preload appears unrelated to changes in GE and may reflect increased insulin secretion and/or slowing of small intestinal absorption

Effect of exenatide once-weekly (QW) on gastric emptying in health: impact on glycaemia and glucose absorption

International audienceBackground and aims: ‘Short-acting’ glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) lower postprandial glucose predominantly via their profound effect to slow gastric emptying (GE). It is generally assumed that ‘long-acting’ GLP-1RAs have little, if any, effect on GE with longer-term administration, reflecting ‘tachyphylaxis’ to slowing of GE as a result of sustained receptor exposure. However, information relating to the effect of ‘long-acting’ GLP-1RAs on GE is limited and previous studies have been compromised by the use of suboptimal methodology to quantify GE. We evaluated the effects of 8 weeks’ administration of exenatide once-weekly (ExQW) on GE of solids and liquids (using the ‘gold standard’ technique, scintigraphy), postprandial glycaemia and glucose absorption in health. Materials and methods: Thirty two healthy participants completed an 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group designed study. Participants were randomised to receive either ExQW (2mg sc) (6M, 10F; mean age: 59.9 ± 0.9yr; BMI: 29.6 ± 0.6 kg/m2) or matched placebo (PLAC) (6M, 10F; mean age: 60.6 ± 1.2yr; BMI: 29.5 ± 1.0 kg/m2). GE, nausea (100mm visual analogue scale) and plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon were measured for 120 min after a mixed solid/liquid meal, comprising 100g minced beef radiolabelled with 20MBq 99mTc-sulphur colloid and 150ml 10% glucose radiolabelled with 7MBq 67Ga-EDTA and containing 5g 3-O-methyl-glucose (3-OMG) to assess oral glucose absorption, at baseline and after 8 weeks’ administration. Data are shown as mean values ± SEM and a PResults: The studies were well-tolerated. Scores for nausea were consistently very low and there was no difference between ExQW and PLAC groups at either baseline or after treatment. ExQW slowed GE of both solids (AUC0-120: P=0.05) and liquids (AUC0-120: P=0.01) substantially (Figure) and attenuated both the postprandial rise in plasma glucose (e.g. iAUC0-30: P=0.008) and glucose absorption (e.g. 3-OMG iAUC0-30: P=0.001). There were no differences in plasma insulin, C-peptide or glucagon between the two groups. The magnitude of the reduction in plasma glucose at t=30 min from baseline to 8 weeks with ExQW was inversely related to the 50% emptying time of the glucose drink (r=-0.55, P=0.03) i.e. postprandial glucose-lowering by ExQW was dependent on the magnitude of the slowing of GE. Conclusion: In healthy subjects, 8 weeks administration of the ‘long-acting’ GLP-1RA, ExQW, slows GE of solids and liquids with consequent reductions in glucose absorption and postprandial glycaemia

Exenatide once weekly slows gastric emptying of solids and liquids in healthy, overweight, subjects under steady-state concentrations

AIMS: To evaluate the effects of 8 weeks' administration of exenatide once-weekly (ExQW) on gastric emptying of solids and liquids (using the 'gold standard' technique, scintigraphy), glucose absorption and postprandial glycaemia in health. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty two healthy participants were randomized to receive ExQW (2mg per week subcutaneously) (6M,10F; age: 59.9±0.9 yr; BMI: 29.6±0.6 kg/m2 ) or matching placebo (PLAC) (6M,10F; age: 60.6±1.2 yr; BMI: 29.5±1.0 kg/m2 ) for 8 weeks. Gastric emptying, nausea (visual analog scale), and plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide and glucagon were measured for 120min after a solid/liquid meal, comprising 100g ground beef (radiolabelled with 20MBq 99m Tc-sulphur colloid) and 150ml 10% glucose (radiolabelled with 7MBq 67 Ga-EDTA), and containing 5g 3-O-methyl-glucose (3-OMG) as a marker of glucose absorption, at baseline and after 8 weeks' treatment. RESULTS: The studies were well tolerated. Scores for nausea were consistently low without any difference between ExQW and PLAC groups. ExQW slowed gastric emptying of solids (e.g. AUC 0-120min: P<0.05) and liquids (e.g. AUC 0-120min: P=0.01) substantially and attenuated glucose absorption (e.g. 3-OMG iAUC 0-30min: P=0.001) and the postprandial rise in plasma glucose (e.g. iAUC 0-30min: P=0.008). Plasma glucagon at 2h was reduced by ExQW (P=0.001). The magnitude of the reduction in plasma glucose at t=30min from baseline to 8 weeks with ExQW was related inversely to the 50% emptying time of the glucose drink (r=-0.55, P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In healthy subjects, 8 weeks administration of the 'long-acting' GLP-1RA, ExQW, slows gastric emptying of solids and liquids substantially, with consequent reductions in glucose absorption and postprandial glycaemia. Clinical Trials Registration Number: ACTRN 12616000955415 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Karen L. Jones, Christopher K. Rayner, Michael Horowitz, Tongzhi Wu, Rachael S. Rigda, iza K. Phillips ... et al